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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Historical patterns of diversity, biogeography and faunal turnover remain poorly understood for Wallacea, the biologically and geologically complex island region between the Asian and Australian continental shelves. A distinctive Quaternary vertebrate fauna containing the small-bodied hominin<jats:italic>Homo floresiensis<\/jats:italic>, pygmy<jats:italic>Stegodon<\/jats:italic>proboscideans, varanids and giant murids has been described from Flores, but Quaternary faunas are poorly known from most other Lesser Sunda Islands. We report the discovery of extensive new fossil vertebrate collections from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on Sumba, a large Wallacean island situated less than 50 km south of Flores. A fossil assemblage recovered from a Pleistocene deposit at Lewapaku in the interior highlands of Sumba, which may be close to 1 million years old, contains a series of skeletal elements of a very small<jats:italic>Stegodon<\/jats:italic>referable to<jats:italic>S. sumbaensis<\/jats:italic>, a tooth attributable to<jats:italic>Varanus komodoensis<\/jats:italic>, and fragmentary remains of unidentified giant murids. Holocene cave deposits at Mahaniwa dated to approximately 2000\u20133500 BP yielded extensive material of two new genera of endemic large-bodied murids, as well as fossils of an extinct frugivorous varanid. This new baseline for reconstructing Wallacean faunal histories reveals that Sumba's Quaternary vertebrate fauna, although phylogenetically distinctive, was comparable in diversity and composition to the Quaternary fauna of Flores, suggesting that similar assemblages may have characterized Quaternary terrestrial ecosystems on many or all of the larger Lesser Sunda Islands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T09:10:31Z","timestamp":1504084231000},"page":"20171278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Quaternary vertebrate faunas from Sumba, Indonesia: implications for Wallacean biogeography and evolution"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3717-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Turvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Crees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hansford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK"},{"name":"Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Jeffree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Crumpton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwan","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Museum Bandung, Bandung 40122, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Setiyabudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Museum Bandung, Bandung 40122, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Guillerme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umbu","family":"Paranggarimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KOPPESDA, Kampung Arab, Waingapu, Sumba Timur, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Dosseto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit D.","family":"van den Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","first-page":"172","article-title":"On the zoological geography of the Malay Archipelago","volume":"4","author":"Wallace AR","year":"1860","journal-title":"J. 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