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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensory losses or reductions are frequently attributed to relaxed selection. However, anuran species have lost tympanic middle ears many times, despite anurans' use of acoustic communication and the benefit of middle ears for hearing airborne sound. Here we determine whether pre-existing alternative sensory pathways enable anurans lacking tympanic middle ears (termed earless anurans) to hear airborne sound as well as eared species or to better sense vibrations in the environment. We used auditory brainstem recordings to compare hearing and vibrational sensitivity among 10 species (six eared, four earless) within the Neotropical true toad family (Bufonidae). We found that species lacking middle ears are less sensitive to high-frequency sounds, however, low-frequency hearing and vibrational sensitivity are equivalent between eared and earless species. Furthermore, extratympanic hearing sensitivity varies among earless species, highlighting potential species differences in extratympanic hearing mechanisms. We argue that ancestral bufonids may have sufficient extratympanic hearing and vibrational sensitivity such that earless lineages tolerated the loss of high frequency hearing sensitivity by adopting species-specific behavioural strategies to detect conspecifics, predators and prey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,4]],"date-time":"2017-10-04T09:10:16Z","timestamp":1507108216000},"page":"20171670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Earless toads sense low frequencies but miss the high notes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly C.","family":"Womack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Christensen-Dalsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Coloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Jambatu de Investigaci\u00f3n y Conservaci\u00f3n de Anfibios, Fundaci\u00f3n Otonga, Giovanni Farina 566 y Baltra, San Rafael, Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Universidad Regional Amaz\u00f3nica Ikiam, Muyuna, Tena, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo de Biodiversidad del Peru, Cusco, Peru"},{"name":"Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim L.","family":"Hoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esi028"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-007-0209-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","volume-title":"A study of the osteology and musculature of Phrynosoma mcallii pertinent to its systematic status","author":"Norris KS","year":"1951"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282301"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1967.tb03418.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3685"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000113334"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6591-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Redescription of Triadobatrachus massinoti (Piveteau, 1936) an anuran amphibian from the early Triassic","volume":"206","author":"Rage JC","year":"1989","journal-title":"Palaeontographica A"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377049a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2001)021[0460:MAFLPC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2004.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/06-117.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34130"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Hearing and sound communication in amphibians","author":"Wells KD","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051920102"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","first-page":"69","volume-title":"The evolution of the amphibian auditory system","author":"Jaslow AP","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"The anuran middle ear: developmental heterochronies and adult morphology diversification","volume":"121","author":"Smirnov SV","year":"1991","journal-title":"Belg. 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