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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that individuals in the same community can be exposed to a highly variable number of mosquito bites. This heterogeneity in bite exposure has consequences for the control of vector-borne diseases because a few people may be contributing significantly to transmission. However, very few studies measure sources of heterogeneity in a way which is relevant to decision-making. We investigate the relationship between two classic measures of heterogeneity, spatial and individual, within the context of lymphatic filariasis, a parasitic mosquito-borne disease. Using infection and mosquito-bite data for five villages in Papua New Guinea, we measure biting characteristics to model what impact bed-nets have had on control of the disease. We combine this analysis with geospatial modelling to understand the spatial relationship between disease indicators and nightly mosquito bites. We found a weak association between biting and infection heterogeneity within villages. The introduction of bed-nets increased biting heterogeneity, but the reduction in mean biting more than compensated for this, by reducing prevalence closer to elimination thresholds. Nightly biting was explained by a spatial heterogeneity model, while parasite load was better explained by an individual heterogeneity model. Spatial and individual heterogeneity are qualitatively different with profoundly different policy implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T05:15:18Z","timestamp":1517375718000},"page":"20172253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Understanding heterogeneities in mosquito-bite exposure and infection distributions for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"285","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Irvine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. 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