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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Photoreception and vision are fundamental aspects of animal sensory biology and ecology, but important gaps remain in our understanding of these processes in many species. The colour-changing brittle star<jats:italic>Ophiocoma wendtii<\/jats:italic>is iconic in vision research, speculatively possessing a unique whole-body visual system that incorporates information from nerve bundles underlying thousands of crystalline \u2018microlenses\u2019. The hypothesis that these might form a sophisticated compound eye-like system regulated by chromatophores has been extensively reiterated, with investigations into biomimetic optics and similar supposedly \u2018visual\u2019 structures in living and fossil taxa. However, no photoreceptors or visual behaviours have ever been identified. We present the first evidence of photoreceptor networks in three<jats:italic>Ophiocoma<\/jats:italic>species, both with and without microlenses and colour-changing behaviour. High-resolution microscopy, immunohistochemistry and synchrotron tomography demonstrate that putative photoreceptors cover the animals' oral, lateral and aboral surfaces, but are absent at the hypothesized focal points of the microlenses. The structural optics of these crystal \u2018lenses\u2019 are an exaptation and do not fulfil any apparent visual role. This contradicts previous studies, yet the photoreceptor network in<jats:italic>Ophiocoma<\/jats:italic>appears even more widespread than previously anticipated, both taxonomically and anatomically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T11:00:26Z","timestamp":1516791626000},"page":"20172590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Whole-body photoreceptor networks are independent of \u2018lenses\u2019 in brittle stars"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"285","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0196-5069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Sumner-Rooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3005-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia D.","family":"Sigwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, Portaferry, Northern Ireland"},{"name":"Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Ullrich-L\u00fcter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523811000150"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.37.2.363","article-title":"The shadow reaction of Diadema antillarum Philippi I. 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