{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T03:12:08Z","timestamp":1785813128339,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1873","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Middle ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) are known for few multituberculate taxa, and three different stapedial morphotypes have been suggested: (i) slender, columelliform and microperforate, (ii) robust and rod-like, and (iii) bicrural. Reinvestigation of Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) mammalian petrosals from the Guimarota coal mine in central Portugal (Western Europe) revealed an asymmetric bicrural stapes (ABS) in the paulchoffatiid\n            <jats:italic>Pseudobolodon oreas<\/jats:italic>\n            . The middle ear ossicles displaced inside the osseous vestibule were detected by a \u00b5CT analysis. The Kimmeridgian age of the Guimarota stapes exceeds the stapes from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Asia (about 122\u2013124 Ma) by approximately 30 Myr, and is only slightly younger than the stapes of the recently described Oxfordian euharamiyidan\n            <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya allinhopsoni<\/jats:italic>\n            . The Guimarota stapes indicates that the stapes of\n            <jats:italic>Lambdopsalis<\/jats:italic>\n            , described as columelliform and microperforate (small stapedial foramen), does not represent a general condition for multituberculates. The stapes of\n            <jats:italic>Pseudobolodon<\/jats:italic>\n            is bicrural, the anterior crus sits centrally on the oval footplate, and the stapedial head is simple and smaller than the footplate. We hypothesize that the ABS evolved from the symmetric bicrural stapes (SBS) of non-mammaliaform cynodonts. The ABS appears to be the ancestral morphotype of the mammalian SBS, and the mammalian columelliform imperforate stapes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T10:11:31Z","timestamp":1519207891000},"page":"20172779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Oldest known multituberculate stapes suggests an asymmetric bicrural pattern as ancestral for Multituberculata"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"285","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3147-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia A.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Steinmann-Institut f\u00fcr Geologie, Mineralogie und Pal\u00e4ontologie, Universit\u00e4t Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steinmann-Institut f\u00fcr Geologie, Mineralogie und Pal\u00e4ontologie, Universit\u00e4t Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_38"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12379"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09921"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6591-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46661-3_6","volume-title":"Evolution of the vertebrate ear: evidence from the fossil record","author":"Luo Z-X","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"\u00dcber die Visceralb\u00f6gen der Wirbeltiere im Allgemeinen und deren Metamorphosen bei den V\u00f6geln und S\u00e4ugetieren","volume":"1837","author":"Reichert C","year":"1837","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medizin"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Reichertsche Theorie (Hammer-, Amboss- und Kieferfrage)","volume":"1912","author":"Gaupp E","year":"1913","journal-title":"Archiv fuer Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1994.10011564"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5275.651"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear","volume":"55","author":"Fleischer G","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv. 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