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Here we examine the evolution of cranial ontogenetic trajectories to shed light on the mechanisms underlying convergent snout evolution. We use geometric morphometrics to quantify skeletogenesis in an evolutionary context and reconstruct ancestral patterns of ontogenetic allometry to understand the developmental drivers of craniofacial diversity within Crocodylia. Our analyses uncovered a conserved embryonic region of morphospace (CER) shared by all non-gavialid crocodylians regardless of their eventual adult ecomorph. This observation suggests the presence of conserved developmental processes during early development (before Ferguson stage 20) across most of Crocodylia. Ancestral state reconstruction of ontogenetic trajectories revealed heterochrony, developmental constraint, and developmental systems drift have all played essential roles in the evolution of ecomorphs. Based on these observations, we conclude that two separate, but interconnected, developmental programmes controlling craniofacial morphogenesis and growth enabled the evolutionary plasticity of skull shape in crocodylians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T08:10:44Z","timestamp":1550650244000},"page":"20182389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Heterochronic shifts and conserved embryonic shape underlie crocodylian craniofacial disparity and convergence"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-0569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent A.","family":"Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Florida, 876 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-0168","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arhat","family":"Abzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK"},{"name":"Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-1841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Busbey AB","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20360"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012632590-4\/50011-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","first-page":"564","article-title":"Crocodylian snouts in space and time: phylogenetic approaches toward adaptive radiation","volume":"41","author":"Brochu CA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. 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