{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:34:15Z","timestamp":1791542055101,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1898","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BFU2013-42833-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2013-42833-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Santander","award":["Early Career Research Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Early Career Research Scholarship"]}]},{"name":"Leverhulme Trust Grant","award":["RPG 2013-315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG 2013-315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variation, particularly across a continuous spatial distribution, represents a key challenge in evolutionary biology. For this, animal venoms represent ideal study systems: they are complex, variable, yet easily quantifiable molecular phenotypes with a clear function. Rattlesnakes display tremendous variation in their venom composition, mostly through strongly dichotomous venom strategies, which may even coexist within a single species. Here, through dense, widespread population-level sampling of the Mojave rattlesnake,\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalus scutulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we show that genomic structural variation at multiple loci underlies extreme geographical variation in venom composition, which is maintained despite extensive gene flow. Unexpectedly, neither diet composition nor neutral population structure explain venom variation. Instead, venom divergence is strongly correlated with environmental conditions. Individual toxin genes correlate with distinct environmental factors, suggesting that different selective pressures can act on individual loci independently of their co-expression patterns or genomic proximity. Our results challenge common assumptions about diet composition as the key selective driver of snake venom evolution and emphasize how the interplay between genomic architecture and local-scale spatial heterogeneity in selective pressures may facilitate the retention of adaptive functional polymorphisms across a continuous space.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T03:07:01Z","timestamp":1552446421000},"page":"20182735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["When one phenotype is not enough: divergent evolutionary trajectories govern venom variation in a widespread rattlesnake species"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-2507","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulia","family":"Zancolli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Calvete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, CSIC, Jaume Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry W.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Hegarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Werner","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 East Lowell Street (ENR2), Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Holycross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Collections, Arizona State University, 734 W. 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University, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Mulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libia","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, CSIC, Jaume Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary D.","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Whorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Central College, Science, Technology, Engineering &amp; 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