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India has a high annual occurrence of anthrax in some regions, but a country-wide delineation of risk has not yet been undertaken. The current study modelled the geographical suitability of anthrax across India and its associated environmental features using a biogeographic application of machine learning. Both biotic and abiotic features contributed to risk across multiple scales of influence. The elephant\u2013livestock interface was the dominant feature in delineating anthrax suitability. In addition, water\u2013soil balance, soil chemistry and historical forest loss were also influential. These findings suggest that the elephant\u2013livestock interface plays an important role in the cycling of anthrax in India. Livestock prevention efforts targeting this interface, particularly within anthropogenic ecotones, may yield successes in reducing ongoing transmission between animal hosts and subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.0179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T03:07:01Z","timestamp":1552446421000},"page":"20190179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The elephant\u2013livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-3635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan M.","family":"Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection and Global Health Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"Anthrax in humans and animals","author":"WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat","volume":"20","author":"Friedlander AM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. 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