{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:07:42Z","timestamp":1790856462363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1909","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000141","name":"Division of Ocean Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["052576 and OCE-1065990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["052576 and OCE-1065990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009964","name":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Why some\n            <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected southern sea otters (\n            <jats:italic>Enhydra lutris nereis<\/jats:italic>\n            ) develop fatal toxoplasmosis while others have incidental or mild chronic infections has long puzzled the scientific community. We assessed robust datasets on\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            molecular characterization in relation to detailed necropsy and histopathology results to evaluate whether parasite genotype influences pathological outcomes in sea otters that stranded along the central California coast. Genotypes isolated from sea otters were also compared with\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            strains circulating in felids from nearby coastal regions to assess land-to-sea parasite transmission. The predominant\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            genotypes isolated from 135 necropsied sea otters were atypical Type X and Type X variants (79%), with the remainder (21%) belonging to Type II or Type II\/X recombinants. All sea otters that died due to\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            as a primary cause of death were infected with Type X or X-variant\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            strains. The same atypical\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            strains were detected in sea otters with fatal toxoplasmosis and terrestrial felids from watersheds bordering the sea otter range. Our results confirm a land\u2013sea connection for virulent\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            genotypes and highlight how faecal contamination can deliver lethal pathogens to coastal waters, leading to detrimental impacts on marine wildlife.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T07:06:48Z","timestamp":1566371208000},"page":"20191334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Type X strains of\n            <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n            are virulent for southern sea otters (\n            <i>Enhydra lutris nereis)<\/i>\n            and present in felids from nearby watersheds"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"286","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2678-3851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"One Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-8493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"VanWormer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Packham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"One Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 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