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However, no study to date has investigated such factors at a large phylogenetic scale to elucidate what drives tail length evolution in and across mammalian lineages. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to test<jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>hypotheses regarding proposed factors influencing tail length, explore possible interactions between factors using evolutionary best-fit models, and map evolutionary patterns of tail length for specific mammalian lineages. Across mammals, substrate use is a significant factor influencing tail length, with arboreal species maintaining selection for longer tails. Non-arboreal species instead exhibit a wider range of tail lengths, secondarily influenced by differences in locomotion, diet and climate. Tail loss events are revealed to occur in the context of both long and short tails and influential factors are clade dependent. Some mammalian groups (e.g.<jats:italic>Macaca<\/jats:italic>; primates) exhibit elevated rates of tail length evolution, indicating that morphological evolution may be accelerated in groups characterized by diverse substrate use, locomotor modes and climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.2885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T08:05:59Z","timestamp":1580889959000},"page":"20192885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Substrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversity"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"287","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-7971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah T.","family":"Mincer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2203-1831","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1979.tb00252.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381611"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020556922189"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/07-MAMM-A-217.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1378531"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00163.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90062-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Evolution of the hominoid vertebral column: the long and the short of it.","volume":"24","author":"Williams SA","year":"2015","journal-title":"News Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00092-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801857898","volume-title":"Walker's mammals of the world","author":"Nowak RM","year":"1999","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world","author":"Mittermeier RA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032074"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1373415"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arboreal adaptions of Peromyscus with special reference to use of the tail","volume":"61","author":"Horner BE","year":"1954","journal-title":"Contrib. 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