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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Remarkable progress has been made characterizing one of nature's most integrated, hierarchical structures\u2013\u2013the fibrillar adhesive system of geckos. Nonetheless, we lack an understanding of how multiple toes coordinate to facilitate geckos' acrobatic locomotion. Here, we tested the control function of gecko toes by running them on vertical substrates varying in orientation, friction and roughness. Sideways wall-running geckos realigned the toes of their top feet upward to resist gravity. Toe contact area was not compromised, but redistributed. Geckos aligned all toes upward to resist slipping when encountering low-friction patches during sideways wall-running. Negotiation of intermittent slippery strips showed an increased contribution of particular toes to compensate for toes that lost adhesion. Increasing substrate roughness using discrete rods perpendicular to sideways locomotion resulted in geckos bending and\/or rotating toes to conform to and even grasp the rods, with potential forces more than five times body weight. Geckos increase their effectiveness of manoeuvrability in demanding environments by taking advantage of the distributed control afforded by multiple toes. Our findings provide insight on biological attachment and offer inspiration to advance gecko-inspired robotics and other biomimetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T05:02:31Z","timestamp":1588741351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Role of multiple, adjustable toes in distributed control shown by sideways wall-running in geckos"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"287","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9239-5377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1276-7466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhendong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-3470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhouyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8435-5279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Full","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20237"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-006-0145-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2004.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-006-0149-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46082-6_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz032"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05747.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2005.00495.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01980"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/Z07-103"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-015-1259-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz027"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12128"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01451.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01979"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-4082-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/1\/016019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0456"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","unstructured":"Kim S Asbeck AT Cutkosky MR Provancher WR. 2005 SpinybotII: climbing hard walls with compliant microspines. 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