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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance frequently carries a fitness cost to a pathogen, measured as a reduction in growth rate compared to the sensitive wild-type, in the absence of antibiotics. Existing empirical evidence points to the following relationship between cost of resistance and virulence. If a resistant pathogen suffers a fitness cost in terms of reduced growth rate it commonly has lower virulence compared to the sensitive wild-type. If this cost is absent so is the reduction in virulence. Here we show, using experimental evolution of drug resistance in the fungal human pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Candida glabrata,<\/jats:italic>\n                    that reduced growth rate of resistant strains need not result in reduced virulence. Phenotypically heterogeneous populations were evolved in parallel containing highly resistant sub-population small colony variants (SCVs) alongside sensitive sub-populations. Despite their low growth rate in the absence of an antifungal drug, the SCVs did not suffer a marked alteration in virulence compared with the wild-type ancestral strain, or their co-isolated sensitive strains. This contrasts with classical theory that assumes growth rate to positively correlate with virulence. Our work thus highlights the complexity of the relationship between resistance, basic life-history traits and virulence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T19:05:40Z","timestamp":1594753540000},"page":"20200761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evolution of drug-resistant and virulent small colonies in phenotypically diverse populations of the human fungal pathogen\n                    <i>Candida glabrata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"Sarah J. N.","family":"Duxbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-5705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Beardmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-6854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivana","family":"Gudelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations","author":"O'Neill J","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: an ecological imbalance","volume":"207","author":"Levy SB","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00340-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00317-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12187"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","first-page":"260","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance? 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