{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:48:34Z","timestamp":1787010514899,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1928","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cough, cough. Is that person sick, or do they just have a throat tickle? A growing body of research suggests pathogen threats shape key aspects of human sociality. However, less research has investigated specific processes involved in pathogen threat detection. Here, we examine whether perceivers can accurately detect pathogen threats using an understudied sensory modality\u2014sound. Participants in four studies judged whether cough and sneeze sounds were produced by people infected with a communicable disease or not. We found no evidence that participants could accurately identify the origins of these sounds. Instead, the more disgusting they perceived a sound to be, the more likely they were to judge that it came from an infected person (regardless of whether it did). Thus, unlike research indicating perceivers can accurately diagnose infection using other sensory modalities (e.g. sight, smell), we find people overperceive pathogen threat in subjectively disgusting sounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T03:05:44Z","timestamp":1591758344000},"page":"20200944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sounds of sickness: can people identify infectious disease using sounds of coughs and sneezes?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"287","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9122-7291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Michalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-8791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oliver","family":"Sng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-0514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iris M.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-2194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume-title":"Global health estimates 2016: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000\u20132016","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3734"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12371"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402596"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80038-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1941"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.4.703"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0144"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2430"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1274"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39731"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613515681"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611400096"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02562.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2010.496997"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18890"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797609359876"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030778"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","unstructured":"Michalak NM Sng O Wang I Ackerman J Dobbs S. 2017 Sounds of sickness: can people identify infectious disease using sounds of coughs and sneezes? Open Science Framework: https:\/\/osf.io\/4c7vr. (doi:10.17605\/OSF.IO\/4C7VR)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0727-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","unstructured":"Cohen J. 1988 Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 2nd edn. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v032.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1046-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The description of cough sounds by healthcare professionals","volume":"2","author":"Smith JA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cough (London, England)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617357114"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","unstructured":"Ackerman JM Merrell WM Choi S. Submitted. What people believe about detecting infectious disease using the senses."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T02:28:13Z","timestamp":1613615293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1928","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.0944","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ckzvn","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}