{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:22:53Z","timestamp":1788351773115,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1943","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19-19672S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-19672S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura, Univerzita Karlova","award":["1518119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1518119"]}]},{"name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","award":["Primus Research Program (PRIMUS\/SCI\/46)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Primus Research Program (PRIMUS\/SCI\/46)"]}]},{"name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","award":["Research Centre program (204069)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Centre program (204069)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Differentiated sex chromosomes are believed to be evolutionarily stable, while poorly differentiated sex chromosomes are considered to be prone to turnovers. With around 1700 currently known species forming\n                    <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    15% of reptile species diversity, skinks (family Scincidae) are a very diverse group of squamates known for their large ecological and morphological variability. Skinks generally have poorly differentiated and cytogenetically indistinguishable sex chromosomes, and their sex determination was suggested to be highly variable. Here, we determined X-linked genes in the common sandfish (\n                    <jats:italic>Scincus scincus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and demonstrate that skinks have shared the same homologous XX\/XY sex chromosomes across their wide phylogenetic spectrum for at least 85 million years, approaching the age of the highly differentiated ZZ\/ZW sex chromosomes of birds and advanced snakes. Skinks thus demonstrate that even poorly differentiated sex chromosomes can be evolutionarily stable. The conservation of sex chromosomes across skinks allows us to introduce the first molecular sexing method widely applicable in this group.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:27:11Z","timestamp":1611113231000},"page":"20202139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Poorly differentiated XX\/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"288","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-4953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kostmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3515-729X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Kratochv\u00edl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8429-5680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michail","family":"Rovatsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12156"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2806"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","unstructured":"Norris DO Lopez KH. 2011 Hormones and reproduction of vertebrates . San Diego CA: Elsevier Academic Press Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402700106"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818486116"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15380"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0867"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-011-9251-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evy039"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/704943"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01098.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14540"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12714"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42150"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13635"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.1093"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15126"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246338"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","unstructured":"Uetz P Ho\u0161ek J (eds). 2014 The reptile database. See http:\/\/www.reptile-database.org (accessed 21 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","volume-title":"Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles","author":"Vitt LJ","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","unstructured":"Olmo E Signorino G. 2013 Chromorep: a reptiles chromosomes database. http:\/\/chromorep.univpm.it (accessed 21 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939200770091"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1979.10428403"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Evolution of the X1X2Y sex chromosome mechanism in the scincid lizard Scincella laterale (Say)","volume":"43","author":"Wright JW","year":"1973","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","unstructured":"Donnellan SC. 1985 The evolution of sex chromosomes in scincid lizards. PhD thesis Macquarie University Sydney Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2002.00351.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0152"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35089135"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13196"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13242"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0179-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44192-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009409355876"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-93"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6241"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358847"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/100.3.375","article-title":"Polytenization of the ribosomal genes on the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"100","author":"Endow SA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","unstructured":"Andrews S. 2010 FASTQC. A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. See http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001643"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35684"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820320116"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-134"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.114.014084"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life10120342"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx398"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38109"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp520"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.076000"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0042"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0212589"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaa104"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0093","article-title":"The timing of genetic degeneration of sex chromosomes","author":"Charlesworth D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000295002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00126227"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esaa007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx116"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0583"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evy042"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010228"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz196"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000450734"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1386-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_2","unstructured":"IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-1. See https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org (accessed on 19 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0089","article-title":"A 180 My-old female-specific genome region in sturgeon reveals the oldest known vertebrate sex determining system with undifferentiated sex chromosomes","author":"Kuhl H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13543"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/CompCytogen.v9i4.5371"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0498"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13151"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_82_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Evolution of dosage compensation in Anolis carolinensis, a reptile with XX\/XY chromosomal sex determination","volume":"9","author":"Rupp SM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.223727.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00837.x"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T03:44:21Z","timestamp":1670816661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1943","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.2139","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.29.273524","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}