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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Macroecological approaches can provide valuable insight into the epidemiology of globally distributed, multi-host pathogens.<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>is a zoonotic protozoan that infects any warm-blooded animal, including humans, in almost every ecosystem worldwide. There is substantial geographical variation in<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>prevalence in wildlife populations and the mechanisms driving this variation are poorly understood. We implemented Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to determine the association between species\u2019 ecology, phylogeny and climatic and anthropogenic factors on<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>prevalence.<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>prevalence data were compiled for free-ranging wild mammal species from 202 published studies, encompassing 45 079 individuals from 54 taxonomic families and 238 species. We found that<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>prevalence was positively associated with human population density and warmer temperatures at the sampling location. Terrestrial species had a lower overall prevalence, but there were no consistent patterns between trophic level and prevalence. The relationship between human density and<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>prevalence is probably mediated by higher domestic cat abundance and landscape degradation leading to increased environmental oocyst contamination. Landscape restoration and limiting free-roaming in domestic cats could synergistically increase the resiliency of wildlife populations and reduce wildlife and human infection risks from one of the world's most common parasitic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T08:17:57Z","timestamp":1634804277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Human density is associated with the increased prevalence of a generalist zoonotic parasite in mammalian wildlife"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"288","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-0480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy G.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4"},{"name":"Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V3G 2M3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-8727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4"},{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada V4 K 3N2 0H3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Lapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Research Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2562-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2126"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01435-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13045"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14064"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2564-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050997"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00776.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284035"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078035"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. 2010 Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans, 2nd edn. 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