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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Predicting pathogen emergence and spillover risk requires understanding the determinants of a pathogens' host range and the traits involved in host competence. While host competence is often considered a fixed species-specific trait, it may be variable if pathogens diversify across hosts. Balancing selection can lead to maintenance of pathogen polymorphisms (multiple-niche-polymorphism; MNP). The causative agent of Lyme disease,<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>), provides a model to study the evolution of host adaptation, as some<jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>strains defined by their outer surface protein C (<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>) genotype, are widespread in white-footed mice and others are associated with non-rodent vertebrates (e.g. birds). To identify the mechanisms underlying potential strain \u00d7 host adaptation, we infected American robins and white-footed mice, with three<jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>strains of different<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>genotypes.<jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>burdens varied by strain in a host-dependent fashion, and strain persistence in hosts largely corresponded to<jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>survival at early infection stages and with transmission to larvae (i.e. fitness). Early survival phenotypes are associated with cell adhesion, complement evasion and\/or inflammatory and antibody-mediated removal of<jats:italic>Bb,<\/jats:italic>suggesting directional selective pressure for host adaptation and the potential role of MNP in maintaining OspC diversity. Our findings will guide future investigations to inform eco-evolutionary models of host adaptation for microparasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T08:22:08Z","timestamp":1645604528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cellular and immunological mechanisms influence host-adapted phenotypes in a vector-borne microparasite"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"289","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-2031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi-Pin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYSDOH, Albany, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, 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