{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:34:57Z","timestamp":1772156097107,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1986","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006732","name":"New York University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs of The National Institutes of Health","award":["2P40OD012217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2P40OD012217"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008680","name":"Universidad de Puerto Rico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH Intramural Research Training Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The greater male variability (GMV) hypothesis proposes that traits are more variable among males than females, and is supported by numerous empirical studies. Interestingly, GMV is also observed for human brain size and internal brain structure, a pattern which may have implications for sex-biased neurological and psychiatric conditions. A better understanding of neuroanatomical variability in non-human primates may illuminate whether certain species are appropriate models for these conditions. Here, we tested for sex differences in the variability of endocranial volume (ECV, a proxy for brain size) in a sample of 542 rhesus macaques (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from a large pedigreed free-ranging population. We also examined the components of phenotypic variance (additive genetic and residual variance) to tease apart the potential drivers of sex differences in variability. Our results suggest that males exhibit more variable ECVs, and that this pattern reflects either balancing\/disruptive selection on male behaviour (associated with alternative male mating strategies) or sex chromosome effects (associated with mosaic patterns of X chromosome gene expression in females), rather than extended neurodevelopment among males. This represents evidence of GMV for brain size in a non-human primate species and highlights the potential of rhesus macaques as a model for sex-biased brain-based disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.0728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T09:31:11Z","timestamp":1667986271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Greater variability in rhesus macaque (\n                    <i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>\n                    ) endocranial volume among males than females"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"289","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6778-3893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abigail E.","family":"Colby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6205-5408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex R.","family":"DeCasien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3804-6285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eve B.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1133-2030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James P.","family":"Higham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"Man and woman: a study of human secondary sexual characters","author":"Ellis H","year":"1894","unstructured":"Ellis H. 1894 Man and woman: a study of human secondary sexual characters. 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