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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Molluscs have produced an extensive fossil record, owing to the prevalence of robust biomineralized shells among this clade. By contrast, most other components of molluscan anatomy are seldom preserved. Importantly, little is known of the evolutionary history of the unique molluscan feeding apparatus\u2014the radula. A scarcity of fossil radulae has hampered our understanding of the ancestral condition, and of the dietary ecology of early molluscs. The handful of known fossil radulae all point to early molluscs as simple deposit feeders that obtained food via rasping or scraping. This study reports microscopic radulae preserved as \u2018small carbonaceous fossils' (SCFs) from Cambrian (Stage 4\u2013Wuliuan, approximately 514\u2013504.5 Ma) strata of Sweden. These rare fossil radulae offer novel insights into the feeding anatomy and ecology of early molluscs. Each radula comprises a uniseriate arc of (\u226410) blade-shaped teeth, fringed by a slicing keel. This distinctive morphology is strikingly convergent with the radulae of extant sacoglossan heterobranch gastropods\u2014such radulae are specially adapted for piercing the cell walls of green algal tissues to enable suctorial feeding on the cytoplasm contents. Discovery of analogous Cambrian radulae demonstrates this specialized form of herbivory had already evolved among molluscs more than half a billion years ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T07:18:34Z","timestamp":1680074314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cambrian \u2018sap-sucking\u2019 molluscan radulae among small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs)"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"290","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5774-9114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ben J.","family":"Slater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2398811"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","first-page":"409","article-title":"The four phases of plant-arthropod associations in deep time","volume":"4","author":"Labandeira CC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Labandeira CC. 2006 The four phases of plant-arthropod associations in deep time. 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