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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a resurgent insect pathogen of honeybees that is efficiently transmitted by vectors and through host social contact. Continual transmission of DWV between hosts and vectors is required to maintain the pathogen within the population, and this vector\u2013host\u2013pathogen system offers unique disease transmission dynamics for pathogen maintenance between vectors and a social host. In a series of experiments, we measured vector\u2013vector, host\u2013host and host\u2013vector transmission routes and show how these maintain DWV in honeybee populations. We found co-infestations on shared hosts allowed for movement of DWV from mite to mite. Additionally, two social behaviours of the honeybee, trophallaxis and cannibalization of pupae, provide routes for horizontal transmission from bee to bee. Circulation of the virus solely among hosts through communicable modes provides a reservoir of DWV for na\u00efve\n                    <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic>\n                    to acquire and subsequently vector the pathogen. Our findings illustrate the importance of community transmission between hosts and vector transmission. We use these results to highlight the key avenues used by DWV during maintenance and infection and point to similarities with a handful of other infectious diseases of zoonotic and medical importance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T03:06:15Z","timestamp":1704855975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Susceptible and infectious states for both vector and host in a dynamic pathogen\u2013vector\u2013host system"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-1887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Lamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 06415, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5031, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiya","family":"Krichton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 06415, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5031, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene V.","family":"Ryabov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 06415, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5031, MD, USA"},{"name":"The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Hawthorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5031, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 06415, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1845"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"The human blood index of malaria vectors in relation to epidemiological assessment","volume":"30","author":"Garrett-Jones C","year":"1964","unstructured":"Garrett-Jones C. 1964 The human blood index of malaria vectors in relation to epidemiological assessment. 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