{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:13:23Z","timestamp":1785543203370,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2028","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions (DBCA), Australian Wildlife Conservancy, World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Kimberley Land Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LP170100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP170100013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Apex predators play critical ecological roles, making their conservation a high priority. In tropical Australia, some populations of freshwater crocodiles (\n            <jats:italic>Crocodylus johnstoni<\/jats:italic>\n            ) have plummeted by greater than 70% due to lethal ingestion of toxic invasive cane toads (\n            <jats:italic>Rhinella marina<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Laboratory-based research has identified conditioned taste aversion (CTA) as a way to discourage consumption of toads. To translate those ideas into landscape-scale management, we deployed 2395 baits (toad carcasses with toxin removed and containing a nausea-inducing chemical) across four gorge systems in north-western Australia and monitored bait uptake with remote cameras. Crocodile abundance was quantified with surveys. Free-ranging crocodiles rapidly learned to avoid toad baits but continued to consume control (chicken) baits. Toad invasion at our sites was followed by high rates of crocodile mortality (especially for small individuals) at a control site but not at nearby treatment sites. In areas with high connectivity to other waterbodies, repeated baiting over successive years had continuing positive impacts on crocodile survival. In summary, we succeeded in buffering the often-catastrophic impact of invasive cane toads on apex predators.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T23:05:30Z","timestamp":1723590330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Taste aversion training can educate free-ranging crocodiles against toxic invaders"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4808-1933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgia","family":"Ward-Fear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Bruny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Wanneroo, Western Australia 6065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"the Bunuba","family":"Rangers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bunuba Dawangarri Aboriginal Corporation, Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia 6765, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Forward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Wanneroo, Western Australia 6065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Cooksey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Wanneroo, Western Australia 6065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7529-5657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Shine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241484"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12594"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139084574"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108235730"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2277"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02184-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655116"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254032"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2021.744704"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108405"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","first-page":"720","article-title":"Taste-aversion conditioning to reduce nuisance activity by black bears in a Minnesota military reservation","volume":"27","author":"Ternent MA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ternent MA, Garshelis DL. 1999 Taste-aversion conditioning to reduce nuisance activity by black bears in a Minnesota military reservation. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 27, 720-728.","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.104948"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4136.581"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","first-page":"304","article-title":"Review of methods to reduce livestock depredation. II. Aversive conditioning, deterrents and repellents","volume":"50","author":"Smith ME","year":"2000","unstructured":"Smith ME, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Swenson JE. 2000 Review of methods to reduce livestock depredation. II. Aversive conditioning, deterrents and repellents. Acta Agric. Scandinavica A 50, 304-315. (doi:10.1080\/090647000750069502)","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scandinavica A"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01802.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0863"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2008.01847.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/000579511X565763"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.13012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","volume-title":"Climate statistics for Australian locations","author":"Bureau of Meteorology","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bureau of Meteorology. 2023 Climate statistics for Australian locations. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Meteorology."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","volume-title":"Crocodiles of Australia","author":"Webb G","year":"1989","unstructured":"Webb G, Manolis SC. 1989 Crocodiles of Australia. Sydney, Australia: Reed Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9820877"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03629-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","volume-title":"The cane toad: the history and ecology of a successful colonist","author":"Lever C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lever C. 2001 The cane toad: the history and ecology of a successful colonist. Otley, UK: Westbury Academic & Scientific Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Herpetofauna of Boodjamulla National Park and the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, north-western Queensland","volume":"33","author":"White AW","year":"2003","unstructured":"White AW. 2003 Herpetofauna of Boodjamulla National Park and the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, north-western Queensland. Herpetofauna 33, 65-77.","journal-title":"Herpetofauna"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR12215"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12218"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR98025"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2011.00500.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Standardised method of spotlight surveys for crocodiles in the tidal rivers of the Northern Territory, Australia","volume":"24","author":"Fukuda Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fukuda Y, Saalfeld W, Webb G, Manolis C, Risk R. 2012 Standardised method of spotlight surveys for crocodiles in the tidal rivers of the Northern Territory, Australia. NT Nat. 24, 14-32.","journal-title":"NT Nat."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8933"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2914"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2004.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-024-03273-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1447661"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17406-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-021-02978-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2008.00219.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22221"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward-Fear G. 2024 Taste aversion training can educate free-ranging crocodiles against toxic invaders [Dataset]. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.qjq2bvqq5)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward-Fear G Bruny M Rangers B Forward C Cooksey I Shine R. 2024 Taste aversion training can educate free-ranging crocodiles against toxic invaders. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7361696)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T23:48:07Z","timestamp":1724284087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2028","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2023.2507","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20232507"}}