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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Throughout the animal kingdom, there are striking differences in the propensity of one sex or the other to become infected. However, precisely when we should expect males or females to be the sicker sex remains unclear. A major barrier to answering this question is that very few studies have considered how the susceptibility of males and females changes across the full range of pathogen doses encountered in nature. Without quantifying this \u2018dose\u2013susceptibility\u2019 relationship, we have likely underestimated the scope for sex differences to arise. Here, we use the\n                    <jats:italic>Daphnia magnia<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>Pasteuria ramosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    system to reveal that sex differences in susceptibility are entirely dose-dependent, with pathogens having a higher probability of successfully establishing an infection in mature males at low doses, but mature females at high doses. The scope for male\u2013female differences to emerge is therefore much greater than previously appreciated\u2014extending to sex differences in the upper limits to infection success, per-propagule infectivity risks and density-dependent pathogen behaviour. Applying this expanded scope across the animal kingdom will help us understand when and why a sicker sex emerges, and the implications for diseases in nature\u2014where sex ratios, age structure and pathogen densities vary drastically.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T03:06:15Z","timestamp":1704855975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is there a sicker sex? 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