{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:12:01Z","timestamp":1792199521207,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2025","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000154","name":"Division of Integrative Organismal Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000166","name":"Division of Physics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An insect\u2019s wingbeat frequency is a critical determinant of its flight performance and varies by multiple orders of magnitude across Insecta. Despite potential energetic benefits for an insect that matches its wingbeat frequency to its resonant frequency, recent work has shown that moths may operate off their resonant peak. We hypothesized that across species, wingbeat frequency scales with resonance frequency to maintain favourable energetics, but with an offset in species that use frequency modulation as a means of flight control. The moth superfamily Bombycoidea is ideal for testing this hypothesis because their wingbeat frequencies vary across species by an order of magnitude, despite similar morphology and actuation. We used materials testing, high-speed videography and a model of resonant aerodynamics to determine how components of an insect\u2019s flight apparatus (stiffness, wing inertia, muscle strain and aerodynamics) vary with wingbeat frequency. We find that the resonant frequency of a moth correlates with wingbeat frequency, but resonance curve shape (described by the Weis-Fogh number) and peak location vary within the clade in a way that corresponds to frequency-dependent biomechanical demands. Our results demonstrate that a suite of adaptations in muscle, exoskeleton and wing drive variation in resonant mechanics, reflecting potential constraints on matching wingbeat and resonant frequencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.0317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T05:19:49Z","timestamp":1719379189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Moth resonant mechanics are tuned to wingbeat frequency and energetic demands"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9966-7715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ethan S.","family":"Wold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-0460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brett","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Health Sciences, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"bin Sikandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9391-2476","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nick","family":"Gravish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-4894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Sponberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"},{"name":"School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/265114a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.038588"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0063"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz108"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.0352"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","first-page":"605","article-title":"The wings of insects and birds as mechanical oscillators","volume":"104","author":"Greenewalt CH","year":"1960","unstructured":"Greenewalt CH. 1960 The wings of insects and birds as mechanical oscillators. 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