{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:12:54Z","timestamp":1790907174367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2032","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"GenEvo graduate school"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antagonistic co-evolution can be asymmetric, where one species lags behind another. Asymmetry in a predator\u2013prey context is expressed by the \u2018life\u2013dinner principle\u2019, a classic informal model predicting that prey should be in some sense ahead in this arms race, since prey are running for their lives, while predators lag as they only run for their dinner. The model has undergone surprisingly little theoretical scrutiny. We derive analytical models that show coevolutionary outcomes do not always align with the life\u2013dinner principle. Our results show that other important asymmetries can easily reverse the outcome, especially the rare-enemy principle: predators are usually outnumbered by their prey, sometimes substantially (trophic asymmetry), which can make selection on prey relatively weak. We additionally show that the antagonists typically exhibit different evolutionary responses to a situation where both predator and prey start out as equally fast runners. Although predators sometimes become so efficient that attacks always succeed, attack success often reaches a stable intermediate value. We conclude that the life\u2013dinner principle has some validity as a metaphor, but its effect is of an \u2018all else being equal\u2019 type, which is surprisingly easily overridden by other features of the evolutionary dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.1052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T23:05:36Z","timestamp":1728428736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Asymmetric arms races between predators and prey: a tug of war between the life\u2013dinner principle and the rare-enemy principle"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-7063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald James","family":"McLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University , North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5071-2952","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie E.","family":"Herberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University , North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of the Analysis of Biodiversity Change , Hamburg 20146, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Cell and Systems Biology, University of Hamburg , Hamburg 20148, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-4881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanna","family":"Kokko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich , Zurich 8057, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz , Mainz 55128, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences , Mainz 55128, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1945"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2297"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0727"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01460"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0161"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13188"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.184"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1382"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1979.0081"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-020-02884-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0652"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0134966100"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702020114"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13585"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1313476"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","volume-title":"Evolutionary ecology","author":"Greenwood JJ","year":"1984","unstructured":"Greenwood JJ . 1984 The evolutionary ecology of predation. 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