{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:12:03Z","timestamp":1775513523942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2034","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000008","name":"David and Lucile Packard Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008887","name":"Eppley Foundation for Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008887","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite evidence that certain diseases of marine wildlife are increasing, long-term infection data are often lacking. Archived samples of hosts from natural history collections offer a powerful tool for evaluating temporal changes in parasitism. Using vouchered fish collections from the Southern Caribbean, we investigated long-term (1905\u20132022) shifts in infections by the trematode\n                    <jats:italic>Scaphanocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., which causes black spot syndrome (BSS) in reef fishes. Examination of 190 museum-preserved fishes from Cura\u00e7ao and Bonaire revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Scaphanocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections are not new, with histologically confirmed detections from as early as 1948. However,\n                    <jats:italic>Scaphanocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was rare among archival surgeonfish and parrotfishes, with an infection prevalence of &lt;10% and an average abundance of 0.25 metacercariae per fish. Contemporary collections of 258 ocean surgeonfish and parrotfishes (7 species) supported a 7-fold higher prevalence (71%) and a 49-fold higher abundance (12.1). These findings offer evidence that infections by\n                    <jats:italic>Scaphanocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. have increased substantially over the past century and underscore the value of biological repositories in the study of emerging parasites within marine ecosystems. We emphasize the need for additional research to evaluate the geographical extent of BSS emergence, test proposed hypotheses related to shifts in host density or environmental characteristics and assess the consequences for affected species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.2065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T19:07:17Z","timestamp":1731438437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emergence of black spot syndrome in Caribbean reefs: a century of fish collections reveal long-term increases in\n                    <i>Scaphanocephalus<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-5390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pieter T. J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8834-4603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R\u00e9mon J.","family":"Malawauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Piaskowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-2064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana M.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Chemeketa Community College, Salem, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5886-2995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lars J. V.","family":"ter Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9463-9600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Derek A.","family":"Zelmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"Ocean outbreak: confronting the rising tide of marine disease","author":"Harvell D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harvell D. 2021 Ocean outbreak: confronting the rising tide of marine disease, 1st edn. 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