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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To forecast how fast populations can adapt to climate change, it is essential to determine the evolutionary potential of different life-cycle stages under selection. In birds, timing of gonadal development and moult are primarily regulated by photoperiod, while laying date is highly phenotypically plastic to temperature. We tested whether geographic variation in phenology of these life-cycle events between populations of great tits (\n                    <jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has a genetic basis, indicating that contemporary genetic adaptation is possible. We carried out a common garden experiment in which we bred first- and second-generation pairs in captivity originating from eggs from Gotland (Sweden) and Hoge Veluwe (The Netherlands), two populations that showed different temperature sensitivity of laying date in a recent meta-analysis. We recorded the phenology of egg-laying, moult and gonadal size in early spring. We found no significant differences in laying date between the populations, but they did differ in moult timing and testis size. This implies that under climate change the timing of gonadal development and moult, which are mainly regulated by photoperiod, will not respond to increased temperature but can respond by genetic adaptation in response to selection, while the opposite holds for laying date, perhaps indicating that plasticity is constraining genetic adaptation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.2286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T03:10:31Z","timestamp":1738120231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Geographic differences in the phenology of gonadal development and moult, but not of egg laying, are genetically based in a small songbird"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1456-1939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcel E.","family":"Visser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"van Oers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Charmantier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD","place":["Montpellier, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon M.","family":"Drobniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krak\u00f3w","place":["Wageningen, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carys V.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Mathyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Antwerp","place":["Wilrijk, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissah","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Tomotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway","place":["Troms\u00f8, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1437"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","volume-title":"Introduction to quantitative genetics","author":"Falconer DS","year":"1996","unstructured":"Falconer DS, Mackay TFC. 1996 Introduction to quantitative genetics. 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