{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:49:17Z","timestamp":1788216557438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2039","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a dual role in the biology of developmental plasticity in mammals, including humans\u2014HPA axis activity not only provides the input for, but is also a target of, offspring developmental plasticity. To investigate the understudied effects of exposure timing, this study quantified maternal HPA axis activity during each half of gestation as well as during early lactation and assessed its effect on offspring HPA axis activity in a cross-sectional sample of infant, juvenile and adult Assamese macaques (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaca assamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). To add ecological validity to experimental studies under laboratory conditions, macaques were studied in the wild. Increased maternal faecal glucocorticoid (GC) metabolite levels experienced early in gestation, but not postnatal exposure during lactation were associated with increased offspring HPA axis activity from infancy into adulthood. Building on prior findings, this study indicates that significant timing effects not only influence the presence, magnitude and direction, but also the consistency of maternal GC effects on offspring HPA axis function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T19:14:44Z","timestamp":1737486884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Early prenatal but not postnatal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with enhanced HPA axis activity into adulthood in a wild primate"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9498-6621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simone","family":"Anz\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento","place":["Trento, Italy"]},{"name":"Behavioral Ecology Department, University of Goettingen","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Heistermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-9976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Ostner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Ecology Department, University of Goettingen","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-9425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oliver","family":"Sch\u00fclke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Ecology Department, University of Goettingen","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research","place":["Goettingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2007.01300.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226501222.003.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235765"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.0276"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3918"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0122"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707152114"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2547-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01745-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004018117"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.706951"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoz037"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/36.2.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23169-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.601939"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru186"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12783"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-021-03085-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226501222.003.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19650-3_818"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01274-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02092-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S18"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12084"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13341"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8360"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02241-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.577848"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.1304"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2021.104968"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2024.105604"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/710210"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4667.1383"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246037"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1327.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","unstructured":"Anz\u00e0 S. Prenatal maternal stress effects in wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis). University Goettingen Repository. (doi:10.53846\/goediss-9510)"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01596-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2459"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503331"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30982"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420270502"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004524117"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-021-03056-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20067"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419001779"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1297415"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33447-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12496"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biac023"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121663119"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31258-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6240"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246073"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246128"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.714214"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.2.8593833"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100281"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-012-0227-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2006.00021.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03943.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.3\/canacker"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00896"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820842116"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64134"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205340109"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00110.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0536"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13934"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411450111"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2022.105262"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015162117"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47433"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoy007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-010-9409-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00698-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1989-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01751-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2012.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20222"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IJOP.0000023581.17889.0f"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_104_2","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2011","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. 2011 R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro J Bates D R Core Team. 1999 nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. See https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=nlme.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.nlme"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_108_2","unstructured":"Anz\u00e0 S Heistermann M Ostner J Sch\u00fclke O. Data for: Early prenatal but not glucocorticoid exposure is associated with enhanced HPA axis activity into adulthood in a wild primate. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.b8gtht7kt)"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anz\u00e0 S Heistermann M Ostner J Sch\u00fclke O. 2025 Supplementary material from: Early prenatal but not postnatal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with enhanced HPA axis activity into adulthood in a wild primate. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7622498)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T07:49:05Z","timestamp":1752738545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2039","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.2418","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2024.2418\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-11","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20242418"}}