{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:35:14Z","timestamp":1772156114479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2050","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation\u2019s Global Challenges Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Zoonotic diseases pose global public health threats, prompting various interventions to limit their emergence and spread. One increasingly common response by governments has been to ban wildlife hunting, trade and consumption. However, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness of wildlife trade bans. Here we assess compliance with Nigeria\u2019s wildlife trade ban\u2014enacted to curb the spread of mpox (formerly monkeypox)\u2014by analysing approximately 4.5 years of wild meat sales data from 19 vendors in southeast Nigeria (988 vendor-months) alongside interviews with vendors and law enforcement officials. After matching the sales data by time of year, we found no significant differences before and after the ban in the number of vendors selling wild meat per week, the weekly mass of wild meat sold, or the weekly price per kilogram of wild meat; however, the total weekly sales price was higher post-ban. These findings, supported by interview insights, indicate widespread non-compliance by vendors, questioning the ban\u2019s effectiveness. We propose that successful regulations require clear enforcement mechanisms, active public engagement and economic incentives to improve compliance. This study provides valuable insights for designing effective interventions to mitigate zoonotic spillovers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.0471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T19:07:25Z","timestamp":1751396845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Weak compliance with Nigeria\u2019s wildlife trade ban imposed to curb mpox spillovers"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9589-2931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles A.","family":"Emogor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, UK"]},{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society","place":["Calabar, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Pangolin Protection Network","place":["Calabar, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-3589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Balmford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent","place":["Canterbury, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omini B.","family":"Iferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pangolin Protection Network","place":["Calabar, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inaoyom","family":"Imong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society","place":["Calabar, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominic S.","family":"Ogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pangolin Protection Network","place":["Calabar, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Coad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl4183"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0101.950102"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0535"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-041020-063132"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.419"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-019-0061-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12392"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07771-200421"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10871209.2010.523924"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1533015X.2022.2025653"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011526108"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01494-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","volume-title":"Towards a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector","author":"Coad L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coad L. 2019 Towards a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160498"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0303"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48587-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6463"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","unstructured":"Nliam A. 2022 Monkeypox: Nigerian government bans sale consumption of bushmeat. Voice of Nigeria. See https:\/\/von.gov.ng\/monkeypox-nigerian-government-bans-sale-consumption-of-bushmeat\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","unstructured":"British Broadcasting Corporation. 2022 Monkeypox: Nigeria bans bushmeat to prevent virus spread. BBC News. See https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-61676841."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030727"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-025-00572-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","unstructured":"Federal Republic of Nigeria. 1985 Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act of Nigeria. See https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faolex\/results\/details\/fr\/c\/LEX-FAOC018379\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00446-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2022 WHO Director-General\u2019s statement at the press conference following IHR Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox. See https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-statement-on-the-press-conference-following-IHR-emergency-committee-regarding-the-multi--country-outbreak-of-monkeypox--23-july-2022 (accessed 23 July 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","volume-title":"International health regulations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2005 International health regulations. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. See https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/246107\/9789241580496-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024 WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. 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