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R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pathogens rarely mix freely throughout host populations, and the presence of barriers to transmission can be detected as patterns of increased genetic isolation among pathogen isolates. Despite the importance of transmission patterns in host societies, and the risk of epizootics from wildlife disease systems, barriers to open pathogen transmission are poorly understood in wild hosts. We tested the influence of host kinship and social structure on genetic divergence among strains of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium bovis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), in a wild badger population. We measured genetic distances between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from badger hosts that varied in their own genetic similarity (a proxy for kinship) and in their social group affiliations. Using jack-knifing analyses to control for pseudoreplication, we found that genetic distances between pathogen isolates decreased with increasing kinship of host dyads, but only when hosts shared the same social group. Our findings suggest that the open transmission of bTB in wild hosts is constrained by a combination of social and kin structure, in particular the sharing of similar pathogen strains among kin within social groups. We discuss the implications of these transmission structures for the understanding and management of wildlife diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.1242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T23:06:26Z","timestamp":1752620786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sociality and kinship constrain the free-mixing of pathogens in a wild mammal host population"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5564-1137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clare H","family":"Benton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Delahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, The University of Edinburgh The Roslin Institute","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-6401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rowland R.","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6922-3195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robbie A.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter","place":["Penryn, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4220-2076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dave J","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Centre for Ecology and Conservation","place":["Penryn, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","first-page":"497","article-title":"The role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses","volume":"23","author":"Bengis R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bengis R, Leighton F, Fischer J, Artois M, Morner T, Tate C. 2004 The role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. 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