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We evaluated the effects of hurricanes Irma and Mar\u00eda on multiple aspects of stream ecosystem stability (i.e. resistance, engineering resilience, recovery and temporal stability) over 5 years post-disturbance. We fitted eight models to analyse recovery trajectories and used a Bayesian structural equation model to examine interactions among variables during recovery. Most variables exhibited low resistance, with recovery remaining incomplete and high variability during the return to pre-hurricane conditions. Canopy openness increased sevenfold, and although the initial disturbance caused a fivefold rise in leaf litter fall, subsequent sampling showed a significant drop in organic matter input, while epilithic algae slightly decreased. Decapod and macroinvertebrate responses varied across streams. Recovery trajectories differed by variable, including exponential (epilithic algae), logarithmic (leaf litter), inverted logistic (decapods), linear (canopy openness) and humped curves (macroinvertebrate density). Analyses of ecological interactions revealed differing associations and dynamic feedback among variables. This study underscores the profound, lasting effects of hurricanes on tropical streams and emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring to understand ecosystem responses to increasingly intense and frequent disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.1441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:10:31Z","timestamp":1764115831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stability and resilience trajectories of stream ecosystems after two major hurricanes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo E.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vermont 1 , , ,","place":["Burlington, VT 05405, USA"],"department":["Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources"]},{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Mayag\u00fcez 2 , ,","place":["PR, USA, 00681-9000"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alonso","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University 3 , , ,","place":["Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"],"department":["Department of Applied Ecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9564-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariely","family":"Vega G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University 3 , , ,","place":["Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"],"department":["Department of Applied Ecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9276-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas E.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Mayag\u00fcez 4 , ,","place":["PR, USA, 00681-9000"],"department":["Agroenviromental Sciences Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Pringle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia 5 , , ,","place":["Athens, GA 30602, USA"],"department":["Odum School of Ecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8739-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William H.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire 6 , , ,","place":["Durham, NH 03824, USA"],"department":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment"]},{"name":"Florida International University 7 , , ,","place":["Miami, FL 33199, USA"],"department":["Institute of Environment"]},{"name":"Florida International University 8 , , ,","place":["Miami, FL 33199, USA"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Crowl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University 7 , , ,","place":["Miami, FL 33199, USA"],"department":["Institute of Environment"]},{"name":"Florida International University 8 , , ,","place":["Miami, FL 33199, USA"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080616015860300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/307321a0","article-title":"The complexity and stability of ecosystems","volume":"307","author":"Pimm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080616015860300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12648","article-title":"Navigating the complexity of ecological stability","volume":"19","author":"Donohue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. 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