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Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Historically, most mathematical models of infectious disease dynamics have focused on a single pathogen, despite the ubiquity of co-circulating pathogens in the real world. We conducted a systematic review of 326 published papers that included a mechanistic, population-level model of co-circulating human pathogens. We identified the types of pathogens represented in this literature, techniques used and motivations for conducting these studies. We also created an interaction index to quantify the degree to which co-circulating pathogen models include across scale and\/or pathogen\u2013pathogen interactions. We found that the emergence of new pathogens, such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2, precipitated modelling activity of the emerging pathogen with established pathogens. Pathogen characteristics also tended to drive modelling activity; for example, HIV suppresses the immune response, eliciting interesting dynamics when it is modelled with other pathogens. The motivations driving these studies were varied but could be divided into two major categories: exploration of dynamics and evaluation of interventions. 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