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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The paucity of well-preserved and dated Pleistocene human remains impedes investigation of demographics and interactions in Late Pleistocene populations in Southeast Asia. Here, we report TBH1, an exceptionally well-preserved approximately 35-year-old male skeleton dated 12\u2009500\u201312\u2009000 years before present that provides rare insights into these debates. Superior preservation permitted detailed testing of different models of biological affinity and recovery of the earliest mitochondrial DNA evidence from Vietnam. Morphometric analyses indicated an affiliation with extant Southeast Asian Island populations, but with closest overall affiliation with regional Late Pleistocene data. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing showed unambiguous clustering within the M macrohaplogroup and a relationship with the early hunter\u2013gatherer populations of South and Southeast Asia. While osteological analysis indicated good health during life, localized trauma to an accessory cervical rib was detected together with a small quartz flake with characteristics of a micropoint\u2014an exotic technology within existing paradigms\u2014in the immediate superio-posterior thoracic region. A case for a premortem timing for this injury, inflicted by the artefact, is presented. The trauma and subsequent infection are the likely cause of death and, to our knowledge, the earliest indication of interpersonal conflict from mainland Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.1819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T23:06:36Z","timestamp":1756249596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TBH1: 12\u2009000-year-old human skeleton and projectile point shed light on demographics and mortality in Terminal Pleistocene Southeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-4987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Stimpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford University, Oxford OX31 3PW, UK"},{"name":"Bird Group, Natural History Museum, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Wilshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Utting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. 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