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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Anthropogenic changes to the environment significantly impact wildlife infectious diseases by modifying food resources and impacting host\u2013parasite interactions through changes in host demography, behaviour and immune defences. Supplemental resource provisioning has been found to both enhance and mitigate parasite transmission; however, the role of co-infecting parasites in mediating these effects remains understudied. We developed a mathematical model to explore these dynamics, motivated by the empirical system of wood mice (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Apodemus sylvaticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infected with the nematode\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which suppresses co-infections by the apicomplexan microparasite\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Eimeria hungaryensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our model shows that the effects of resource provisioning on parasite epidemiology can be mediated, and potentially reversed, by within-host co-infection interactions, through effects on host\u2013parasite contact rates and host susceptibility. Provisioning may elevate microparasite prevalence by reducing nematode burdens, thereby releasing the microparasite from the negative effects of co-infection. However, if provisioning increases host contact rates with parasite infective stages in the environment, the associated increase in nematode burdens can result in concomitant reductions in the microparasite, owing to the negative within-host co-infection interaction. Our study highlights the need for experimental designs that decouple the complex factors of provisioning on co-infecting parasite dynamics and provides a framework for interpreting outcomes in multi-parasite systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.1840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:06:27Z","timestamp":1762301187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parasite responses to resource provisioning can be altered by within-host co-infection interactions"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-9502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diana","family":"Erazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool","place":["Liverpool, UK"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa","place":["Tervuren, Belgium"]},{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group (EVECO), University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory (SpELL), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4230-171X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy R.","family":"Sweeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1385-1360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy B.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-917X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andy","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool","place":["Liverpool, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0941-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12187"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12428"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0309"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2011.01334.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02144-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8790.2004.00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802807"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13751"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12348"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13302"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120218"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707221105"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200700025X"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2009.01075.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0995.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02490"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000192"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0598"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2722"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.044826-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13786"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3933"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","first-page":"757","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. 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