{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T20:21:26Z","timestamp":1792354886081,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2069","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Resource availability during development is a key driver of physiological trade-offs, yet how early nutritional environments shape allocation strategies across life stages remains unclear. We examined how larval diet quality influences trade-offs among immune investment, growth and adult morphology in the hawkmoth Hyles lineata (Sphingidae). Larvae reared on higher-quality diets exhibited enhanced immune responses, along with faster growth and greater body mass. However, immune investment varied by component: total haemocyte count (THC) increased under both medium- and high-quality diets, while phenoloxidase (PO) activity was elevated only under high-quality diets. Body mass did not predict THC, and a negative relationship emerged between body mass and PO activity under high-quality diets, suggesting context-dependent allocation trade-offs. Larval diet had lasting effects on adult morphology: higher-quality diets led to increased thorax and abdomen sizes, while head size remained unchanged. Interestingly, a negative correlation emerged between larval immune investment and adult body structure, where elevated larval PO activity was associated with reduced adult thorax and abdomen sizes, revealing a cross-stage trade-off on high-quality diets. Mild larval stress further altered these patterns in a diet-dependent manner. On the low-quality diet, stressed larvae developed larger thorax and abdomen than controls, whereas on the high-quality diet, stress activation reduced or erased size gains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.2238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:12:21Z","timestamp":1777421541000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Larval nutrition reshapes growth\u2013immunity trade-offs and produces region-specific changes in adult morphology"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enakshi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech 1 , , ,","place":["Blacksburg, VA, USA, 24061"],"department":["Department of Entomology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego 2 , ,","place":["La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093"],"department":["Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goggy","family":"Davidowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona 3 , , ,","place":["Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721-0036"],"department":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042820121829200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384719-5.00087-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of biodiversity","author":"Roff","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026042820121829200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15249","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.26.15249","article-title":"Evolutionary theory predicts late-life mortality\u2009plateaus","volume":"93","author":"Mueller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. 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