{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:26:48Z","timestamp":1777984008138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2065","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024021","name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the University of Lausanne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ERC \u2018KNOWLEDGE MOVES\u2019"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An important challenge for individuals of group-living species is to build cooperative relationships with new partners. One famous strategy for doing so is \u2018raise the stakes\u2019, proposing low initial investments that increase if the partner matches these investments in a series of exchanges. Contrarily, the \u2018all in\u2019 strategy predicts high initial investment that may be maintained, but downregulated if not fully matched. We tested these predictions on grooming exchanges between wild male\u2013female vervet monkeys, a species with regular male dispersal. Contrary to model predictions, we found uneven initial investment between novel partners that reached near reciprocity after approximately 6 months. To identify which sex altered investment, we examined grooming durations and frequencies of novel and established partners. Females showed consistently high initial investment and gradually reduced grooming over the first 6 months. Males did not alter grooming duration but had higher grooming frequency after a year of residency. Eventually, grooming exchanges nearly evened out. Female behaviour aligns more closely with the \u2018all in\u2019 strategy, which suggests competition among female groups over dispersing males. Male behaviour partly fits the \u2018raise the stakes\u2019 hypothesis. The study highlights the complexity of real-life cooperation, emphasizing the need to explicitly incorporate life history parameters to understand cooperative strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.2794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:14:04Z","timestamp":1771373644000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Making friends in an asymmetric game: the establishment of male\u2013female grooming exchanges in vervet monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6102-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefien A.","family":"Tankink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Neuch\u00e2tel 1 , ,","place":["Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"],"department":["Department of Biology"]},{"name":"Mawana Game Reserve 2 ,","place":["KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"department":["iNkawu Vervet Project"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Granell-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Neuch\u00e2tel 1 , ,","place":["Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"van de Waal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mawana Game Reserve 2 ,","place":["KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"department":["iNkawu Vervet Project"]},{"name":"University of Lausanne 3 , ,","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"],"department":["Department of Ecology and Evolution"]},{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal 4 , , ,","place":["Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"department":["Centre for Functional Biodiversity"]},{"name":"The Sense Innovation and Research Centre 5 , ,","place":["Lausanne and Sion, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carel P.","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich 6 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"],"department":["Anthropological Institute and Museum"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior 7 , ,","place":["Konstanz, Germany"],"department":["Department of Ecology of Animal Societies"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Redouan","family":"Bshary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Neuch\u00e2tel 1 , ,","place":["Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021719135546400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7466396","article-title":"The evolution of cooperation","volume":"211","author":"Axelrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026021719135546400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/28031","article-title":"Familiarity breeds cooperation","volume":"394","author":"Keller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021719135546400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1086\/342070","article-title":"The continuous Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma and the evolution of cooperation through reciprocal altruism with variable investment","volume":"160","author":"Killingback","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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