{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:33:26Z","timestamp":1787762006702,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2077","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researcher"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["771387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["771387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2023-05981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-05981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011797","name":"St Francis Xavier University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/T007133\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/T007133\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/W005174\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W005174\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPG-2024-085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2024-085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Natural selection might favour brightly coloured males and drab females. A male and a female might disagree about whether to mate. Such tensions are often described as \u2018sexual conflict\u2019 of two forms: intralocus and interlocus. However, this framing unites two very different evolutionary processes: genetic constraint and social conflict, in which male and female fitness are linked by shared genetics or by shared social interactions, respectively. We suggest that coupling both under the banner of \u2018sexual conflict\u2019 is not justified and impedes progress. This problem has become acute as researchers explore the mechanistic underpinnings of both phenomena and as conflation emerges in other research. We propose that a conceptual uncoupling of \u2018sexual conflict\u2019 into true sexual conflict and sexual pleiotropy is needed. Here, we (i) clarify the distinction between conflict and pleiotropy, using evolutionary theory; (ii) show how current conceptual coupling has led to faulty predictions, misdirected research efforts and missed opportunities; (iii) detail how interlocus and intralocus terms have added to confusion; and (iv) establish links with other areas of biology. We show the potential scientific advances that can emerge from disentangling conflict and pleiotropy in biodiversity, molecular genetic and ecological research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.3103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:09:03Z","timestamp":1787760543000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sexual conflict and sexual pleiotropy"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6378-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Hitchcock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iTHEMS, RIKEN 1 , Wako, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1304-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, University of Saint Andrews 2 , Saint Andrews, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2401-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia 3 , Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8449-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Saint Francis Xavier University 4 , Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Sexual selection and sexual conflict","volume-title":"Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects","author":"Parker","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)00004-6","article-title":"Sexual conflict","volume":"18","author":"Chapman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400850600","volume-title":"Sexual conflict","author":"Arnqvist","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.12.005","article-title":"Intralocus sexual conflict","volume":"24","author":"Bonduriansky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04573.x","article-title":"Intralocus sexual conflict","volume":"1168","author":"Van Doorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017558","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017558","article-title":"The evolution of sexually antagonistic phenotypes","volume":"7","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1086\/698198","article-title":"The genomics of sexual conflict","volume":"192","author":"Rowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.03.052","article-title":"Sexual conflict","volume":"29","author":"Hosken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12728","article-title":"Sexual conflict in a changing environment","volume":"96","author":"Plesnar-Bielak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02019-7","article-title":"The roles of sexual selection and sexual conflict in shaping patterns of genome and transcriptome variation","volume":"7","author":"Tosto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-009-0050-0","article-title":"Environmental and genetic influences on queen and worker body size in the social wasp Vespula maculifrons","volume":"57","author":"Kovacs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insectes Soc."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12394","article-title":"Building a new research framework for social evolution: intralocus caste antagonism","volume":"93","author":"Pennell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.06264","article-title":"Insights from intralocus tactical conflict: adaptive states, interactions with ecology and population divergence","volume":"128","author":"Abbott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20232816","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2816","article-title":"Dominance reversals: the resolution of genetic conflict and maintenance of genetic variation","volume":"291","author":"Grieshop","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0708","article-title":"Formal Darwinism, the individual-as-maximizing-agent analogy and bet-hedging","volume":"266","author":"Grafen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2002.3015","article-title":"A first formal link between the price equation and an optimization program","volume":"217","author":"Grafen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.06.009","article-title":"Optimization of inclusive fitness","volume":"238","author":"Grafen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-006-0376-4","article-title":"A theory of Fisher's reproductive value","volume":"53","author":"Grafen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01681.x","article-title":"Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation","volume":"22","author":"Gardner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02310.x","article-title":"A formal theory of the selfish gene","volume":"24","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voaf141","article-title":"A formal theory of group-level adaptation for obligate eusociality","volume":"39","author":"Twyman","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.27468","volume-title":"The genetical theory of natural selection","author":"Fisher","year":"1930"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C23","first-page":"319","article-title":"Fisher the evolutionary biologist","volume":"52","author":"Grafen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. Stat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(64)90038-4","article-title":"The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I","volume":"7","author":"Hamilton","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.03.110172.001205","article-title":"Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects","volume":"3","author":"Hamilton","year":"1972","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062527","article-title":"Evolutionary conflict","volume":"49","author":"Queller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/14.1.249","article-title":"Parent-offspring conflict","volume":"14","author":"Trivers","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/376133a0","article-title":"Evolutionary theory of parent\u2013offspring conflict","volume":"376","author":"Godfray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198577430.001.0001","volume-title":"The evolution of sibling rivalry","author":"Mock","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.9","article-title":"The kinship theory of genomic imprinting","volume":"31","author":"Haig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0354-9","article-title":"The meaning of intragenomic conflict","volume":"1","author":"Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2012.10.010","article-title":"The many faces of pleiotropy","volume":"29","author":"Paaby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-022323-083451","article-title":"Patterns and evolutionary consequences of pleiotropy","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2010.08.010","article-title":"The population genetics and dynamics of the thalassemias","volume":"24","author":"Weatherall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20\u202f170\u202f376","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.0376","article-title":"Antagonistically pleiotropic allele increases lifespan and late-life reproduction at the cost of early-life reproduction and individual fitness","volume":"284","author":"Maklakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13569","article-title":"Antagonistic pleiotropy for carbon use is rare in new mutations","volume":"72","author":"Sane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1982.7","article-title":"Antagonistic pleiotropy, dominance, and genetic variation","volume":"48","author":"Rose","year":"1982","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1086\/687253","article-title":"Sneaker males affect fighter male body size and sexual size dimorphism in salmon","volume":"188","author":"Weir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C39","first-page":"1871","article-title":"Parental investment and sexual selection","volume-title":"Sexual selection and the descent of man","author":"Trivers","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.5.2480","article-title":"Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection","volume":"76","author":"Charnov","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1401","article-title":"Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals","volume":"278","author":"Abbott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017673","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017673","article-title":"Sexual conflict in hermaphrodites","volume":"7","author":"Sch\u00e4rer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017731","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017731","article-title":"Sexual cannibalism as a manifestation of sexual conflict","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27\u202f465\u201327\u202f473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920526117","article-title":"Revealing mechanisms of mating plug function under sexual selection","volume":"117","author":"Stockley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.23004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and evolution of fertilization proteins","volume":"336","author":"Carlisle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017533","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017533","article-title":"Sexual conflict and seminal fluid proteins: a dynamic landscape of sexual interactions","volume":"7","author":"Sirot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qrae056","article-title":"A shared developmental genetic basis for sexually antagonistic male and female adaptations in the toothed water strider","volume":"9","author":"Pruv\u00f4t","year":"2025","journal-title":"Evol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217258","article-title":"Function, developmental genetics, and fitness consequences of a sexually antagonistic trait","volume":"336","author":"Khila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0433","article-title":"The conditional economics of sexual conflict","volume":"5","author":"Fricke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12806","article-title":"The role of ecology, neutral processes and antagonistic coevolution in an apparent sexual arms race","volume":"20","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70102","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70102","article-title":"Temperature drives the evolutionary diversification of male harm in Drosophila melanogaster flies","volume":"28","author":"Londo\u00f1o-Nieto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2503400122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2503400122","article-title":"Ecology and sexual conflict drive the macroevolutionary dynamics of female-limited color polymorphisms in damselflies","volume":"122","author":"Willink","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1795","article-title":"The evolutionary outcome of sexual conflict","volume":"361","author":"Lessells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1785","article-title":"Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization: an overview","volume":"361","author":"Parker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/415787a","article-title":"Antagonistic coevolution between the sexes in a group of insects","volume":"415","author":"Arnqvist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C56","first-page":"207","article-title":"Sexy to die for? Sexual selection and the risk of extinction","volume":"40","author":"Kokko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Zool. Fenn."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1086\/659947","article-title":"Sexual conflict and the tragedy of the commons","volume":"177","author":"Rankin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017723","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017723","article-title":"Is Sexual conflict an \u2018engine of speciation\u2019?","volume":"6","author":"Gavrilets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211668120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211668120","article-title":"Male harm offsets the demographic benefits of good genes","volume":"120","author":"Flintham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20251814","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.1814","article-title":"Does sexual dimorphism reflect sexual antagonism? Covariation of female fitness with brothers\u2019 sexual traits and their female homologues in neriid flies","volume":"292","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1044-6","article-title":"Sex-dependent dominance maintains migration supergene in rainbow trout","volume":"3","author":"Pearse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C62","volume-title":"The theory of sex allocation","author":"Charnov","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400832019","volume-title":"Sex allocation.","author":"West","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04817.x","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters","volume":"34","author":"Lande","year":"1980","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00346.x","article-title":"Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"38","author":"Rice","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2012.01728.x","article-title":"The effects of selection and genetic drift on the genomic distribution of sexually antagonistic alleles","volume":"66","author":"Mullon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esz031","article-title":"Sex-specific selection and the evolution of between-sex genetic covariance","volume":"110","author":"McGlothlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/85.1.171","article-title":"Regions of stable equilibria for models of differential selection in the two sexes under random mating","volume":"85","author":"Kidwell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1086\/716908","article-title":"Disentangling verbal arguments: intralocus sexual conflict in haplodiploids","volume":"198","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/713739","article-title":"Dispersal alters the nature and scope of sexually antagonistic variation","volume":"197","author":"Flintham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20232222","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2222","article-title":"Sexual antagonism in sequential hermaphrodites","volume":"290","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14398","article-title":"Sexual antagonism in haplodiploids","volume":"76","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.137117","article-title":"A general population genetic framework for antagonistic selection that accounts for demography and recurrent mutation","volume":"190","author":"Connallon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C74","article-title":"Sex-specific dominance and its effects on allelic diversity in sexually antagonistic loci","author":"Siljestam","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qrae059","article-title":"The maintenance of genetic polymorphism underlying sexually antagonistic traits","volume":"9","author":"Flintham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Evol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05912","article-title":"Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer","volume":"447","author":"Foerster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1231","article-title":"Father\u2013offspring phenotypic correlations suggest intralocus sexual conflict for a fitness-linked trait in a wild sexually dimorphic mammal","volume":"276","author":"Mainguy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15115","article-title":"Phenotypic sexual dimorphism is associated with genomic signatures of resolved sexual conflict","volume":"28","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.83","article-title":"Population genetics of sexual conflict in the genomic era","volume":"18","author":"Mank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006170","article-title":"Sex-specific selection and sex-biased gene expression in humans and flies","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412315121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412315121","article-title":"The battle of the sexes in humans is highly polygenic","volume":"121","author":"Cole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001768","article-title":"Polygenic signals of sex differences in selection in humans from the UK biobank","volume":"20","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16062","article-title":"Sex-dependent dominance at a single locus maintains variation in age at maturity in salmon","volume":"528","author":"Barson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14394","article-title":"Systematic review reveals multiple sexually antagonistic polymorphisms affecting human disease and complex traits","volume":"75","author":"Harper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.05.038","article-title":"Natural variation at a single gene generates sexual antagonism across fitness components in Drosophila","volume":"32","author":"Rusuwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5354.1210","article-title":"Pleiotropy and the preservation of perfection","volume":"279","author":"Waxman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/381232a0","article-title":"Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution","volume":"381","author":"Rice","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604317","article-title":"Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence","volume":"256","author":"Rice","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0208","article-title":"Sexual conflict and speciation","volume":"353","author":"Parker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195109009.003.0019","article-title":"Intergenomic conflict, interlocus antagonistic coevolution, and the evolution of reproductive isolation","volume-title":"Endless forms: species and speciation","author":"Rice","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2001.00319.x","article-title":"Intersexual ontogenetic conflict","volume":"14","author":"Rice","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00525.x","article-title":"The origin of interlocus sexual conflict: is sex-linkage important?","volume":"16","author":"Andr\u00e9s","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2409850121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2409850121","article-title":"Regional specialization, polyploidy, and seminal fluid transcripts in the Drosophila female reproductive tract","volume":"121","author":"Thayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12849","article-title":"The evolution of sex peptide: sexual conflict, cooperation, and coevolution","volume":"97","author":"Hopkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-019-10000-9","article-title":"Who determines the timing of inflorescence closure of a sexual dandelion? Pollen donors versus recipients","volume":"33","author":"Kyogoku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2307\/3544943","article-title":"Intraspecific variation in body size and fecundity in insects: a general relationship","volume":"66","author":"Hon\u011bk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118912591.ch7","article-title":"From genotype \u00d7 environment to transcriptome \u00d7 environment: identifying and understanding environmental influences in the gene expression underlying sexually selected traits","volume-title":"Genotype-by-environment interactions and sexual selection","author":"Perry","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esx080","article-title":"Genomic signatures of sexual conflict","volume":"108","author":"Kasimatis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-004-7916-4","article-title":"Speciation and sexual conflict","volume":"19","author":"Gavrilets","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1086\/722797","article-title":"The geography of sexual conflict: a synthetic review","volume":"201","author":"Bacon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1041-9","article-title":"The genomic footprint of sexual conflict","volume":"3","author":"Sayadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.11646\/bde.43.1.11","article-title":"Does degeneration or genetic conflict shape gene content on UV sex chromosomes?","volume":"43","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bryophyte Divers. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C103","first-page":"911","article-title":"The accumulation of sexually antagonistic genes as a selective agent promoting the evolution of reduced recombination between primitive sex chromosomes","volume-title":"Evolution","author":"Rice","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20212237","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2237","article-title":"Sex-biased demography modulates male harm across the genome","volume":"288","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.05.009","article-title":"The faster-X effect: integrating theory and data","volume":"29","author":"Meisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voaf050","article-title":"The evolution of sex-specific gene expression in polygenic traits","volume":"38","author":"Flintham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20242631","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.2631","article-title":"The release of sexual conflict after sex loss is associated with evolutionary changes in gene expression","volume":"292","author":"Defendini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.06.005","article-title":"UV chromosomes and haploid sexual systems","volume":"23","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16827","article-title":"Genetic analysis reveals the putative native range and widespread double-clonal reproduction in the invasive longhorn crazy ant","volume":"32","author":"Tseng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.08.014","article-title":"Crozier's effect and the acceptance of intraspecific brood parasites","volume":"28","author":"Field","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.08.015","article-title":"Conflictual speciation: species formation via genomic conflict","volume":"28","author":"Crespi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iyaa018","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaa018","article-title":"X-linked meiotic drive can boost population size and persistence","volume":"217","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20231854","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.1854","article-title":"Sexual conflict, heterochrony and tissue specificity as evolutionary problems of adaptive plasticity in development","volume":"290","author":"Cutter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/281792","article-title":"Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available","volume":"87","author":"Levene","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170414","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0414","article-title":"Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences","volume":"373","author":"Connallon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07541-y","article-title":"Intralocus sexual conflict can resolve the male-female health-survival paradox","volume":"9","author":"Archer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.110163","article-title":"The genetic signature of conditional expression","volume":"184","author":"Van Dyken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514328113","article-title":"Contrasting effects of intralocus sexual conflict on sexually antagonistic coevolution","volume":"113","author":"Pennell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00614.x","article-title":"Reversing mother's curse: selection on male mitochondrial fitness effects","volume":"63","author":"Wade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017699","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017699","article-title":"Reproductive parasitism: maternally inherited symbionts in a biparental world","volume":"7","author":"Hurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1786","article-title":"Quantifying the gender load: can population crosses reveal interlocus sexual conflict?","volume":"361","author":"Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46244-3_5","article-title":"Genetic loads and the cost of natural selection","volume-title":"Mathematical topics in population genetics","author":"Crow","year":"1970"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qrac002","article-title":"Male harm suppresses female fitness, affecting the dynamics of adaptation and evolutionary rescue","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez-Llano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.05.011","article-title":"Intraspecific adaptation load: a mechanism for species coexistence","volume":"35","author":"Yamamichi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-010-9103-6","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism increases evolvability in a genetic regulatory network","volume":"38","author":"Fierst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-142x.2001.003002109.x","article-title":"Developmental system drift and flexibility in evolutionary trajectories","volume":"3","author":"True","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evol. Dev."},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.103.025494","article-title":"Identification of a locus under complex positive selection in Drosophila simulans by haplotype mapping and composite-likelihood estimation","volume":"168","author":"Meiklejohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674029118","volume-title":"Genes in conflict: the biology of selfish genetic elements","author":"Burt","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/381189a0","article-title":"Sexual conflict as fuel for evolution","volume":"381","author":"Chapman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20201633","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1633","article-title":"A gene's-eye view of sexual antagonism","volume":"287","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C131","unstructured":"Hitchcock\n              TJ\n            \n            \n              Gardner\n              A\n            , ChapmanT, PerryJC. 2026 Supplementary material 3 from: Sexual conflict and sexual pleiotropy. Zenodo. (doi:10.5281\/zenodo.20784957)"},{"key":"2026082520230824600_RSPB20253103C132","article-title":"Sexual conflict and sexual pleiotropy.","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Proceedings B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2025.3103\/6161141\/rspb.2025.3103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2025.3103\/6161141\/rspb.2025.3103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:09:20Z","timestamp":1787760560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article\/293\/2077\/20253103\/483016\/Sexual-conflict-and-sexual-pleiotropySexual"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2077","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2025.3103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"20253103"}}