{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:41:45Z","timestamp":1792402905492,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2080","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi Rutherford Discovery Fellowship","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04tajb587","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Rutherford Postdoctoral Fellowship"},{"name":"Live Ocean Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pw7tr34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Lou and Iris Fisher Charitable Trust"},{"name":"Joyce Fisher Charitable Trust"},{"name":"Brian Sheth\/Sangreal Foundation"},{"name":"University of Auckland Science Faculty Research Development Fund","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03b94tp07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Whaling Commission\u2014Southern Ocean Research Partnership","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05kxvg486","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000190","name":"DOC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cawthron Institute","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03sffqe64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021076","name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean & Ecosystem Studies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NOAA Cooperative","award":["NA20OAR4320271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA20OAR4320271"]}]},{"name":"NOAA Cooperative","award":["2026-1578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-1578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Migration is a do-or-die life-history strategy, yet factors shaping it remain poorly studied in many marine taxa, as direct observations are difficult. Building on animal migration theory, we used satellite tracking data from 21 southern right whales tagged in Aotearoa New Zealand to investigate migratory cues, timing and routes. Whales followed either a direct westward route or a longer, indirect route via higher latitudes when migrating from their wintering grounds to summer feeding grounds. Departure timing from wintering grounds was the only significant predictor of route choice, independent of sex, age class, body length or condition. Early-departing whales were more likely to follow the longer route, taking more days to migrate, yet they arrived at shared feeding grounds at similar times to whales using the direct route. These contrasting behaviours are hypothesized to reflect trade-offs between time- and energy-minimization strategies. During migration, whales may use multiple external cues to navigate, including gradients associated with ocean currents, bathymetry and magnetic inclination. The availability of two distinct migratory routes, combined with individual flexibility in route choice, may enhance population resilience in a changing ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:19:43Z","timestamp":1791937183000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple strategies and cues define baleen whale migration"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Riekkola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Della Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland 2 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia L.","family":"Andrews-Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Marine Mammal Centre, Australian Antarctic Division 3 , Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3260-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rochelle L.","family":"Constantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland 2 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Childerhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Planet Marine 4 , Nelson 7050, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus Universitet 5 , 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Zealand Department of Conservation 6 , Wellington, 6011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Laboratory, NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7 , Seattle, WA 98115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Harcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University 8 , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Zealand Department of Conservation 6 , Wellington, 6011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Ogle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Zealand Department of Conservation 6 , Wellington, 6011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Stuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9776-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre N.","family":"Zerbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Laboratory, NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7 , Seattle, WA 98115, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean & Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington 9 , Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research 10 , Seabeck, WA, USA"},{"name":"Instituto Aqualie, Juiz de Fora 11 , MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Whale Unit, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria 12 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma L.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12559.x","article-title":"Long-distance migration: evolution and determinants","volume":"103","author":"Alerstam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199640386.001.0001","volume-title":"Migration: the biology of life on the move.","author":"Dingle","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2307\/3543485","article-title":"On the significance of spring migratory restlessness in caged birds","volume":"30","author":"Gwinner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-015-1902-4","article-title":"Start of nocturnal migratory restlessness in captive birds predicts nocturnal departure time in free-flying birds","volume":"69","author":"Schmaljohann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C5","first-page":"567","article-title":"Surfing on a green wave \u2013 how plant growth drives spring migration in the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis","volume":"94","author":"Van der Graaf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160456","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.0456","article-title":"Large herbivores surf waves of green-up during spring","volume":"283","author":"Merkle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022433","article-title":"Differential annual movement patterns in a migratory species: effects of experience and sexual maturation","volume":"6","author":"Jorge","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.14150","article-title":"Ontogeny of migration destination, route and timing in a partially migratory bird","volume":"93","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5253\/arde.2024.a8","article-title":"Learning and social influence on bird migration","volume":"112","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.03.011","article-title":"Departure of migrating European robins, Erithacus rubecula, from a stopover site in relation to wind and rain","volume":"67","author":"Schaub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1515\/ami-2015-0004","article-title":"Environmental factors in migratory route decisions: a case study on Greenlandic Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea)","volume":"2","author":"Hensz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Migr."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02396.x","article-title":"Recent experiments on bird orientation","volume":"101","author":"Kramer","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-022-00610-w","article-title":"Animal navigation: how animals use environmental factors to find their way","volume":"232","author":"Wiltschko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.04.043","article-title":"Ecology of animal migration","volume":"28","author":"Alerstam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650100396","article-title":"Testing the navigational abilities of ocean migrants: displacement experiments on green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)","volume":"50","author":"Luschi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.025","article-title":"Animal navigation: salmon track magnetic variation","volume":"23","author":"Hays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12426","article-title":"A sense of scale: foraging cetaceans' use of scale-dependent multimodal sensory systems","volume":"33","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74542-3_22","volume-title":"Bird migration: physiology and ecophysiology","author":"Alerstam","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0505","article-title":"Optimum fuel loads in migratory birds: distinguishing between time and energy minimization","volume":"189","author":"Hedenstr\u00f6m","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arx141","article-title":"The influence of wind selectivity on migratory behavioral strategies","volume":"29","author":"McCabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00422","article-title":"Route fidelity during marine megafauna migration","volume":"4","author":"Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2025.127011","article-title":"Whisperers of whales wander: a directional statistical investigation of whales\u2019 migration influenced by geomagnetic, ocean current, and celestial cues","volume":"88","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C23","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Whales, seals, fish and man","author":"Kasuya","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315407054720","article-title":"All creatures great and smaller: a study in cetacean life history energetics","volume":"87","author":"Lockyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C25","first-page":"105","article-title":"Temporal segregation of humpback whales during migration in southern hemisphere waters","volume":"42","author":"Dawbin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mem. Queensl. Mus."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00412.x","article-title":"Coastal, offshore, and migratory movements of South African right whales revealed by satellite telemetry","volume":"27","author":"Mate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C27","volume-title":"Migratory timing in southern right whales on their breeding grounds: what are the key factors stimulating migration?","author":"Dickeson","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.02.030","article-title":"Application of a multi-disciplinary approach to reveal population structure and Southern Ocean feeding grounds of humpback whales","volume":"89","author":"Riekkola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14075","article-title":"Body condition and migration timing of east Australian humpback whales","volume":"692","author":"Russell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3295","article-title":"Longer migration not necessarily the costliest strategy for migrating humpback whales","volume":"30","author":"Riekkola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20171374","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1374","article-title":"Body condition explains migratory performance of a long-distance migrant","volume":"284","author":"Duijns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3938","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3938","article-title":"Migratory birds with delayed spring departure migrate faster but pay the costs","volume":"104","author":"Dossman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse13061171","article-title":"Sea ice as a driver of fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 20 Hz acoustic presence in eastern Antarctic waters","volume":"13","author":"Aulich","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010066","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the cetacean sensory systems","volume":"14","author":"De Vreese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00530","article-title":"Future directions in Eubalaena spp.: comparative research to inform conservation","volume":"5","author":"Harcourt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2214035120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214035120","article-title":"Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change","volume":"120","author":"Derville","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C37","first-page":"e03788","article-title":"Large-scale differences, mesoscale similarities: neighbouring marine predator populations provide insights into Southern Ocean productivity","volume":"62","author":"Riekkola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2989\/025776193784287211","article-title":"The distribution, seasonality and trends in abundance of southern right whales Eubalaena australis off De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Best","year":"1993","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05736.x","article-title":"Coastal residence periods and reproductive timing in southern right whales, Eubalaena australis","volume":"241","author":"Burnell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.04069.x","article-title":"Isotopic and genetic evidence for culturally inherited site fidelity to feeding grounds in southern right whales (Eubalaena australis)","volume":"18","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16182","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16182","article-title":"Cultural traditions across a migratory network shape the genetic structure of southern right whales around Australia and New Zealand","volume":"5","author":"Carroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scient. Rep."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2026.111500","article-title":"A mechanistic approach to understanding birth timing, calf growth, and residency of southern right whale mother\u2013calf pairs on their calving ground","volume":"514","author":"Christiansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16225","article-title":"Decadal-scale phenology and seasonal climate drivers of migratory baleen whales in a rapidly warming marine ecosystem","volume":"28","author":"Pendleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-025-03410-9","article-title":"Antarctic sea ice as a driver of humpback whale migration timing in the southeast Pacific","volume":"48","author":"de Lima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.13071","article-title":"Swimming across the pond: first documented transatlantic crossing of a southern right whale","volume":"40","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C46","volume-title":"New Zealand threat classification series 48","author":"Lundquist","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122116","article-title":"Effectiveness of marine protected areas in safeguarding important migratory megafauna habitat","volume":"368","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47536\/jcrm.v20i1.237","article-title":"Best practice guidelines for cetacean tagging","volume":"20","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cetacean Res. Manage."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.47536\/jcrm.v5i1.1091","article-title":"Developing robust large whale satellite tags through follow-up studies","volume":"Special issue no. 5","author":"Zerbini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cetacean Res. Manage."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1139\/z03-207","article-title":"Visual health assessment of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) using photographs","volume":"82","author":"Pettis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1657.1","article-title":"Accounting for female reproductive cycles in a superpopulation capture\u2013recapture framework","volume":"23","author":"Carroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01468","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1468","article-title":"Non-invasive unmanned aerial vehicle provides estimates of the energetic cost of reproduction in humpback whales","volume":"7","author":"Christiansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12522","article-title":"Maternal body size and condition determine calf growth rates in southern right whales","volume":"592","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12527","article-title":"Estimating morphometric attributes of baleen whales with photogrammetry from small UASs: a case study with blue and gray whales","volume":"35","author":"Burnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13298","article-title":"Estimating body mass of free-living whales using aerial photogrammetry and 3D volumetrics","volume":"10","author":"Christiansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14009","article-title":"Estimating the cost of growth in southern right whales from drone photogrammetry data and long-term sighting histories","volume":"687","author":"Christiansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C57","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14060","article-title":"aniMotum, an R package for animal movement data: rapid quality control, behavioural estimation and simulation","volume":"14","author":"Jonsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C59","volume-title":"geosphere: Spherical trigonometry","author":"Hijmans","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C60","volume-title":"argosfilter: Argos locations filter","author":"Freitas","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3354\/esr01371","article-title":"Movements and behaviour of southern right whales satellite-tracked in and beyond a subantarctic archipelago wintering ground","volume":"55","author":"Weir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endanger. Species Res."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054340","article-title":"Swim speed, behavior, and movement of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in coastal waters of northeastern Florida, USA","volume":"8","author":"Hain","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C63","volume-title":"nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150489","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150489","article-title":"Satellite tracking reveals novel migratory patterns and the importance of seamounts for endangered South Pacific humpback whales","volume":"2","author":"Garrigue","year":"2015","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C65","volume-title":"Global ocean gridded L 4 sea surface heights and derived variables reprocessed 1993 ongoing","author":"Copernicus Marine Service Information","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C66","volume-title":"wmm: World magnetic model. R package version 1.1.1","author":"Frierson","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7618-4","volume-title":"Applied spatial data analysis with R","author":"Bivand","year":"2013","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C68","volume-title":"raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling","author":"Hijmans","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0121374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121374","article-title":"Adapting to a warmer ocean\u2014seasonal shift of baleen whale movements over three decades","volume":"10","author":"Ramp","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e764","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.764","article-title":"Climate change and phenology","volume":"13","author":"Inouye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2121092119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121092119","article-title":"Decadal migration phenology of a long-lived Arctic icon keeps pace with climate change","volume":"119","author":"Shuert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C72","volume-title":"Perception and motor control in birds: an ecological approach","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2025.123272","article-title":"Map and compass navigation: the mechanism and ontogeny of animal maps","volume":"227","author":"Morford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GB005615","article-title":"Variability in the mechanisms controlling Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom phenology in an ocean model and satellite observations","volume":"31","author":"Rohr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20222408","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2408","article-title":"Distance doesn't matter: migration strategy in a seabird has no effect on survival or reproduction","volume":"290","author":"Kentie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1139\/f86-015","article-title":"Body fat condition in Northeast Atlantic fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, and its relationship with reproduction and food resource","volume":"43","author":"Lockyer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14937","article-title":"Age-specific body length, mass, and energetic cost of growth in humpback whales","volume":"770","author":"van Aswegen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1139\/z83-086","article-title":"Swimming velocities, breathing patterns, and estimated costs of locomotion in migrating gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus","volume":"61","author":"Sumich","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb245137","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245137","article-title":"Energy expenditure of southern right whales varies with body size, reproductive state and activity level","volume":"226","author":"Christiansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cov001","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cov001","article-title":"Optimal migration energetics of humpback whales and the implications of disturbance","volume":"3","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09834.x","article-title":"Daily energy expenditure in free living minke whales","volume":"153","author":"Blix","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-023-00397-y","article-title":"Divergent migration routes reveal contrasting energy-minimization strategies to deal with differing resource predictability","volume":"11","author":"Shuert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050261","article-title":"Migratory orientation of red-eyed vireos, vireo olivaceus, in relation to energetic condition and ecological context","volume":"39","author":"Sandberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1365.1","article-title":"Experimental reduction of winter food decreases body condition and delays migration in a long-distance migratory bird","volume":"96","author":"Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01104","article-title":"Migration phenology of beluga whales in a changing Arctic","volume":"53","author":"Bailleul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2024.110994","article-title":"Extreme capital breeding for giants: effects of body size on humpback whale energy expenditure and fasting endurance","volume":"501","author":"Christiansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14914","article-title":"Starvation threshold and fasting endurance of right whales","volume":"768","author":"Christiansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x","article-title":"Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill","volume":"11","author":"Nicol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-016-1951-9","article-title":"Potential energy gain by whales outside of the Antarctic: prey preferences and consumption rates of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)","volume":"40","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64756","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064756","article-title":"Change and variability in East Antarctic sea ice seasonality, 1979\/80\u20132009\/10","volume":"8","author":"Massom","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12636","article-title":"South for the winter? Within-dive foraging effort reveals the trade-offs between divergent foraging strategies in a free-ranging predator","volume":"30","author":"Arthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.13025","article-title":"Observations of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) surface feeding on krill in austral winter at South Georgia","volume":"39","author":"Calderan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.194.1.23","article-title":"Detection of magnetic inclination angle by sea turtles: a possible mechanism for determining latitude","volume":"194","author":"Lohmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01529-8","article-title":"Magnetic maps in animal navigation","volume":"208","author":"Lohmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.05.061","article-title":"Animal navigation: seabirds home to a moving magnetic target","volume":"30","author":"Putman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20202718","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2718","article-title":"A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation","volume":"288","author":"Brakes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2312438121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312438121","article-title":"Climate change drives migratory range shift via individual plasticity in shearwaters","volume":"121","author":"Lewin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.06.008","article-title":"Viewing animal migration through a social lens","volume":"37","author":"Aikens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240133","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0133","article-title":"Culture and conservation in baleen whales","volume":"380","author":"Garland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190337","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190337","article-title":"Migratory convergence facilitates cultural transmission of humpback whale song","volume":"6","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237139","article-title":"Social learning of migratory performance","volume":"341","author":"Mueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29300-w","article-title":"Paternal transmission of migration knowledge in a long-distance bird migrant","volume":"13","author":"Byholm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.02481","article-title":"Animal culture impacts species' capacity to realise climate-driven range shifts","volume":"40","author":"Keith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C104","article-title":"Multiple strategies and cues define baleen whale migration \u2013 DATASET","author":"Riekkola","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026101905064144900_RSPB20260029C105","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Multiple strategies and cues define baleen whale migration","author":"Riekkola","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.0029\/6170309\/rspb.2026.0029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.0029\/6170309\/rspb.2026.0029.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:07:04Z","timestamp":1792400824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article\/293\/2080\/20260029\/483626\/Multiple-strategies-and-cues-define-baleen-whale"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2080","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.0029","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v4\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0029\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"20260029"}}