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Little is known about how diffraction-limited, arthropod compound eyes maintain optical function across the air\u2013water interface, aside from one commonality: flat corneas. Since the external shape of a lens is only one of several properties that influence optical performance, we examined how the corneal optics of compound eyes varied with amphibious ecology across two biological transects: developmentally in one insect species and comparatively among multiple species. Both analyses revealed that flat corneas alone are insufficient to provide amphibious optical performance. The corneas of compound eyes universally combine flat external surfaces, rounded internal surfaces and inwardly expanded thicknesses to support visually guided behaviours in air and water. Conservation of these features among diverse groups provides a strong evolutionary link between the optical performance of compound eyes and the environmental medium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.0072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:27:31Z","timestamp":1774398451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Conserved optical adaptations enable amphibious vision in compound eyes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn D.","family":"Feller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Union College 1 , , ,","place":["Schenectady, NY, USA"],"department":["Department of Biological Science"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanner T.","family":"Mierow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tulsa 2 , , ,","place":["Tulsa, OK, USA"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess","family":"Pavlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tulsa 2 , , ,","place":["Tulsa, OK, USA"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Portman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tulsa 2 , , ,","place":["Tulsa, OK, USA"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra C. 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