{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:25:15Z","timestamp":1787311515132,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2073","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Substrate-borne vibration sensing is an important sensory modality in arthropods, which use externally generated vibration sources to gather information about their environment. Vibrations are subject to mechanical filtering by the legs and body, which implicates a role for morphology in modulating information flow due to the distributed and embedded nature of arthropod mechanosensors. A general problem with sensing is the separation of signal from noise. While internally generated vibrations can be useful for proprioception, they potentially obscure the small displacements generated by substrate vibrations for exteroception. Here, we use a laser vibrometry dataset quantifying the dynamic response of the tarantula Grammostola pulchra to vibrational input at 50 points across its legs and body to examine relative motion in a single axis, enabling us to infer leg biomechanics and test whether these behave rigidly as vibrations are transmitted through the body. We show that the non-rigid legs may dampen large-amplitude motion from cephalothorax\/abdomen resonance\u2014increasing signal-to-noise ratio for exteroception at their distal ends. These properties may also act to increase the robustness of vibration sensing to variation in morphological traits affecting the spider\u2019s dynamics. As spider body plans are conserved, we argue the results are generalizable across the mechanosensitive Araneae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.0915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:13:44Z","timestamp":1781655224000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spider leg biomechanics as an information filter for vibration sensing"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9647-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, 1","place":["Oxford, UK, OX1 3EL,"],"department":["Department of Biology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, 1","place":["Oxford, UK, OX1 3EL,"],"department":["Department of Biology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, 1","place":["Oxford, UK, OX1 3EL,"],"department":["Department of Biology,"]},{"name":"University of Birmingham, 2","place":["Birmingham,, UK, B15 2SE,"],"department":["School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Cicirello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, 3","place":["Cambridge, UK, CB2 1PZ,"],"department":["Department of Engineering,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham Keith","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, 1","place":["Oxford, UK, OX1 3EL,"],"department":["Department of Biology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7230-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, 1","place":["Oxford, UK, OX1 3EL,"],"department":["Department of Biology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082106280397200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0323:TBEOIV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The behavioral ecology of insect vibrational communication","volume":"55","author":"Cocroft","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22293-2_2","volume-title":"Biotremology: studying vibrational behavior","author":"Hill","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310990","article-title":"Temporal patterns in the vibratory courtship signals of the wandering spider Cupiennius salei Keys","volume":"16","author":"Schuch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187328","article-title":"Vibratory communication in a spider: female responses to synthetic male vibrations","volume":"166","author":"Schuch","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R5","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Regulation of chorusing in the vibrational communication system of the leafhopper Graminella nigrifrons","volume":"41","author":"Hunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00634","article-title":"Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)","volume":"206","author":"Elias","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.06.024","article-title":"Seismic signals are crucial for male mating success in a visual specialist jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)","volume":"69","author":"Elias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00619783","article-title":"Vibratory signals and prey capture in orb-weaving spiders (Zygiella x-notata, Nephila clavipes; Araneidae)","volume":"148","author":"Klarner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292978","article-title":"Vibrations in the orbwebs of Nuctenea sclopetaria (Araneidae). 2. Prey and wind signals and the spider\u2019s response threshold","volume":"15","author":"Masters","year":"1984","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. 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Insect Sci."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24987","article-title":"Location and arrangement of campaniform sensilla in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"529","author":"Dinges","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R19","first-page":"171","article-title":"\u00dcber die Spaltsinneorgane der Radnetzspinnen","volume":"59","author":"Vogel","year":"1923","journal-title":"Jena. Z. Naturw."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376006","article-title":"Illustrated catalogue of a spider\u2019s slit sense organs (Cupiennius salei Keys)","volume":"68","author":"Barth","year":"1970","journal-title":"Z. Fur Morphol. Der Tiere"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R21","unstructured":"Kropf\n              C\n            \n          . 1998Slit sense organs of Comaroma simonii Bertkau: a morphological atlas (Araneae, Anapidae). InProc. of the 17th European colloquium of arachnology Edinburgh 1997, vol. 1998, pp. 151\u2013159, Buckinghamshire, UK: British Arachnological Society."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2018.01.001","article-title":"The sensory equipment of a spider - a morphological survey of different types of sensillum in both sexes of Argiope bruennichi (Araneae, Araneidae)","volume":"47","author":"Ganske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12470","article-title":"Lyriform vibration receptors in the web-building spider, Nephila clavata (Araneidae: Araneae: Arachnida)","volume":"50","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entomol. 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Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00693611","article-title":"Compound slit sense organs on the spider leg: mechanoreceptors involved in kinesthetic orientation","volume":"78","author":"Seyfarth","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00656829","article-title":"Lyriform slit sense organ: thresholds and stimulus amplitude ranges in a multi-unit mechanoreceptor","volume":"125","author":"Barth","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605451","article-title":"Matched transfer characteristics of single units in a compound slit sense organ","volume":"142","author":"Bohnenberger","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comp. 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Evol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0365","article-title":"Spider dynamics under vertical vibration and its implications for biological vibration sensing","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312032","article-title":"Model studies on the mechanical significance of grouping in compound spider slit sensilla (Chelicerata, Araneida)","volume":"104","author":"Barth","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2004.05.006","article-title":"Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle","volume":"33","author":"Vincent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-020-01449-z","article-title":"A spider in motion: facets of sensory guidance","volume":"207","author":"Barth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1111","article-title":"Micro- and nano-structural details of a spider\u2019s filter for substrate vibrations: relevance for low-frequency signal transmission","volume":"12","author":"Erko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379186","article-title":"Spiders of the genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) 2. On the vibratory environment of a wandering spider","volume":"77","author":"Barth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1000","article-title":"Viscoelastic nanoscale properties of cuticle contribute to the high-pass properties of spider vibration receptor (Cupiennius salei Keys)","volume":"4","author":"McConney","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R40","article-title":"Posture controls mechanical tuning in the black widow spider mechanosensory system","author":"Mhatre","year":"2016","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197750","article-title":"Mechanism of signal production in the vibratory communication of the wandering spider Cupiennius getazi (Arachnida, Araneae)","volume":"176","author":"Dierkes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00619125","article-title":"Vibration sensitivity of pretarsal slit sensilla in the spider leg","volume":"148","author":"Speck","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-005-0092-3","article-title":"Intracellular recording from a spider vibration receptor","volume":"192","author":"Gingl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.06.015","article-title":"Biotremology: do physical constraints limit the propagation of vibrational information?","volume":"130","author":"Mortimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-018-1271-3","article-title":"The mechanical leg response to vibration stimuli in cave crickets and implications for vibrosensory organ functions","volume":"204","author":"Stritih Peljhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72287","article-title":"Termite vibration sensing: the chordotonal organs and their appendages","volume":"15","author":"Sansom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00609574","article-title":"Vibration transmission through the walking legs of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator (Brachyura, Ocypodidae) as measured by Laser Doppler Vibrometry","volume":"150","author":"Aicher","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590000123","article-title":"Directionality in the mechanical response to substrate vibration in a treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Umbonia crassicornis)","volume":"186","author":"Cocroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R49","first-page":"80","article-title":"Vibration transmission characteristics of the legs of freely standing honeybees","volume":"100","author":"Rohrseitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-019-01355-z","article-title":"Mechanics to pre-process information for the fine tuning of mechanoreceptors","volume":"205","author":"Barth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R51","article-title":"Data for: Grammostola pulchra modal test. Zenodo","author":"Miller","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026082106280397200_R52","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Spider leg biomechanics as an information filter for vibration sensing. Figshare.","author":"Miller","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.0915\/6145988\/rspb.2026.0915.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.0915\/6145988\/rspb.2026.0915.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:28:14Z","timestamp":1787308094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article\/293\/2073\/20260915\/482124\/Spider-leg-biomechanics-as-an-information-filter"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2073","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.0915","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v5\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v5\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSPB.2026.0915\/v4\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"article-number":"20260915"}}