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By contrast, far less attention has been paid to vocal interactions within animal groups. Here, we unveil a self-organized vocal behaviour in echolocating bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus), characterized by their adaptive responses to jamming stimuli. Using controlled playback experiments, we identified a mathematical model that describes how bats autonomously adjust their vocal frequencies to avoid signal interference mimicking group echolocation. The model was subsequently extended to simulate a group of bats flying in two-dimensional space. Consistent with previous observations of group-flying bats, the simulation revealed frequency-adjusting behaviour, characterized by an overall increase in frequency differences within the group. Crucially, we demonstrated that this behaviour reduces potential misdetections during echolocation, enhancing group-wide sensory accuracy. These results reveal a mechanism of conflict resolution through self-organized vocal adjustment and establish a parallel with other self-organizing systems in nature. Our findings reveal that this frequency-adjusting behaviour represents a self-organized vocal behaviour that effectively mitigates conflicts within a group, one achieved via simple behavioural rules, as in other types of collective animal behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.0921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:21:17Z","timestamp":1791937277000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Self-organized spectral adjustment in echolocation sounds within group-flying bats"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1315-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuma","family":"Hase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Function and Morphology, University of Toyama 1 , Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University 2 , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University 3 , Nagoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasuku","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 4 , Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiya","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 4 , Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyoshi","family":"Senoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 4 , Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiraku","family":"Nishimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University - Nakano Campus 5 , Nakano, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University - Nakano Campus 5 , Nakano, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Yoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University 3 , Nagoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohta I.","family":"Kobayasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 4 , Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7106-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shizuko","family":"Hiryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 4 , Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101905324507000_RSPB20260921C1","first-page":"18720","article-title":"Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish","volume-title":"Proc. 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