{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:59:39Z","timestamp":1785286779703,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2075","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Child Health and Development Research"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unlike other catarrhine primates, modern humans deliver a helpless newborn who requires prolonged extensive care. Such helpless infancy is associated with fetus-like, rapid postnatal brain growth, which is essential to produce the large human brain. In the debate about its evolution, a key question has been whether it emerged in Homo erectus, whose brain sizes were approximately 20\u201340% smaller than Homo sapiens. We here show that a type of asymmetric cranial deformity called deformational plagiocephaly can serve as a direct indicator of helpless infancy, regardless of the developmental age of the fossil specimens in question. Because clinical studies have established that such deformation results primarily from an immature state of cranial bones and neck\/body muscles, deformational plagiocephaly (or at least its marked condition) must be unique to humans among extant hominids (or more broadly catarrhine primates). Our metric examination based on 1504 cranial specimens (996 great apes and 508 modern humans) supports this working hypothesis. We have found that some cranial fossils of Indonesian H. erectus and Homo floresiensis also display such deformities. These support a deep evolutionary origin of hominin helpless infancy, and imply both elaborate parental childcare and cooperative social behaviours that could likely have accompanied it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.1055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:20:21Z","timestamp":1785284421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cranial evidence for human-like helpless infancy in\n                    <i>Homo erectus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Homo floresiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousuke","family":"Kaifu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, 1","place":["Tokyo, Japan, 113-0033,"],"department":["The University Museum,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Defense Medical College, 2","place":["Saitama, Japan, 359\u20138513,"],"department":["Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative Biology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Hikosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Child Health and Development, 3","place":["Tokyo, Japan, 157-8535,"],"department":["Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chubu Gakuin University, 4","place":["Gifu, Japan, 501-3993,"],"department":["Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, and Graduate School of Human Well-Being,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3800-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Osaka University, 5","place":["Suita,, Osaka, Japan, 565-0871,"],"department":["Graduate School of Human Sciences,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University, 6","place":["Hokkaido, Japan, 060-0810,"],"department":["The Hokkaido University Museum,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rusyad Adi","family":"Suriyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gadjah Mada University, 7","place":["Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281,"],"department":["Department of Forensic Medicine and Medicolegal, and Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Jatmiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Innovation Agency, 8","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia, 12510,"],"department":["Research Centre for Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sutikna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Innovation Agency, 9","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia, 12510,"],"department":["Research Centre for Archaeometry,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University, 10","place":["Kyoto, Japan, 606-8502,"],"department":["Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, and Center for Primate Field Studies, Graduate School of Science,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwan","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geological Survey, 11","place":["Bandung, Indonesia, 40122,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072820201190900_R1","volume-title":"Primate origins and evolution: a phylogenetic reconstruction","author":"Martin","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026072820201190900_R2","volume-title":"Biologische Fragmente zu einer Lehre vom Menschen","author":"Portmann","year":"1951"},{"key":"2026072820201190900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.24.100195.001353","article-title":"Toward a life history of the Hominidae","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. 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