{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:39Z","timestamp":1792786179176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2080","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN 2022"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"European Union \u2013 NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Padua under the 2023 STARS Grants@Unipd programme","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00240q980","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"University of Parma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The \u2018Bouba\u2013Kiki effect\u2019 is an example of spontaneous association between auditory and visual stimuli, described in humans as a case of sound symbolism, a predisposition linked to language. Recent evidence showed that 3-day-old chicks also exhibit a spontaneous association between round and spiky shapes and the sounds \u2018Bouba\u2019 and \u2018Kiki,\u2019 respectively, thus suggesting that the effect may rather be an instance of a more widespread cross-modal correspondence. We investigated whether the Bouba\u2013Kiki effect is present in adult domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) by investigating dogs\u2019 spontaneous tendency to associate a spiky or a rounded shape to the \u2018Bouba\u2019 and \u2018Kiki\u2019 sounds. Dogs looked significantly more at the rounded shape while \u2018Bouba\u2019 was played, and they looked at and explored the spiky shape when \u2018Kiki\u2019 was played. Our results suggest that a spontaneous sound\u2013shape association akin to that of humans is also present in adult domestic dogs. Further studies are needed to investigate the function and ontogenesis of this cognitive process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.1209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:21:37Z","timestamp":1791937297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hearing shapes: the Bouba\u2013Kiki effect in adult domestic dogs"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3346-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Biffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma 1 , Parma 43126, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Pedretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 2 , Parma 43124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Normando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova 3 , Legnaro 35020, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teddy","family":"Lazebnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa Department of Israel Studies 5 , Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Computing, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping University 6 , J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping 551 11, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Loconsole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova 4 , Padova 35131, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 2 , Parma 43124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101905430572200_RSPB20261209C1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Looking for the Bouba\u2013Kiki effect in prelexical infants","volume-title":"12th Int. 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