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Humans, as global \u2018super predators,\u2019 may mediate interactions among sympatric carnivores, although the effects of ecological fear on these interactions remain less understood. We used two years of camera trap data from more than 300 sites in northeast China to fit two-species, dynamic occupancy models. We then assessed how direct human passage affects spatial and temporal interactions between tigers and leopards, and the consequences for predator\u2012prey overlap in a temperate forest. We found evidence that median site occupancy, colonization and detection of leopards were lower at sites where tigers were present than at sites where tigers were absent. The effect of tigers on leopards in both space and time varied with disturbances. Leopards and tigers co-occurred less often than would be expected by chance at sites where human activity was greater. Tigers, but not leopards, significantly shifted their activity towards increased nocturnality in response to predominantly diurnal humans. This resulted in a decrease in temporal overlap among the two top predators and predator\u2013ungulate prey at more disturbed sites, most notably between the tiger and prey (but no decrease in spatial overlap). Leopards appear to avoid tigers through time or space in areas where encounter risks are increased; in particular, leopards shift their core activity range as a main strategy to cope with dominant tiger and human activity across the sites. These results reveal that the human-induced landscape of fear may modify the strength of intraguild interactions between apex felids and structure food webs in a shared ecosystem. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of considering the pervasive risk introduced by a dynamic human presence to better understand the adaptive strategies used by competing top predators to mitigate threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.1232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:15:21Z","timestamp":1791332121000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fear of humans mediates spatiotemporal interactions between endangered large Asian felids"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University 1 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard 2 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University 1 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard 2 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University 3 , Tianjin, 300387, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University 1 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard 2 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University 1 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard 2 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University 1 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard 2 , Beijing, 100875, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100620151601000_RSPB20261232C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205106","article-title":"Trophic downgrading of planet Earth","volume":"333","author":"Estes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100620151601000_RSPB20261232C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241484","article-title":"Status and ecological effects of the world's largest carnivores","volume":"343","author":"Ripple","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100620151601000_RSPB20261232C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050022","article-title":"The costs of carnivory","volume":"5","author":"Carbone","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026100620151601000_RSPB20261232C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12724","article-title":"Competitive interactions and coexistence of sympatric flagship carnivores in Asia","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr. 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