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Though extensively studied in bipartite networks (BNs) (e.g. plant\u2013herbivore), we do not know whether these drivers connect the dynamics and structures of different interaction modes. Here, we focus on tripartite networks (TNs) (e.g. plant\u2013herbivore\u2013parasitoid) and formalize the concept of hypermodules\u2014cohesive groups of species resulting from module congruence across interlinked BNs. Using an original methodology with a new algorithm\u2014HyperMod\u2014and appropriate null models, we found that hypermodules are widespread in a diverse database of TNs. Additionally, assessing common drivers of bipartite modularity in TNs, we show that species taxonomy (as a proxy for phylogeny) and spatial segregation are also drivers of hypermodules. Our results are evidence for structural integration between interaction modes, improving our grasp of potential cascading effects in interaction networks and their resilience to external disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.1348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:06:40Z","timestamp":1787760400000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The hypermodular structure of tripartite ecological networks"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael B. P.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 1 , Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal, CONICET\u2013Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba 2 , C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Entomol\u00f3gicas de C\u00f3rdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba 3 , C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lewinsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 1 , Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4836-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Cagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal, CONICET\u2013Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba 2 , C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Entomol\u00f3gicas de C\u00f3rdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba 3 , C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082520240146700_RSPB20261348C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633576100","article-title":"The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks","volume":"100","author":"Bascompte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. 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