{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:46:35Z","timestamp":1792820795838,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2081","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-2311366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2311366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-2423844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2423844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Des Lee Collaborative Vision in Zoological Studies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Convergent evolution is common and a testament to the repeatability of evolution. Still, non-convergence is also widespread, and a major question is whether idiosyncratic, lineage-specific changes are reflective of chance events inherent to evolutionary processes, or whether they are influenced by deterministic genetic or ecological factors. To address this question, we quantified the degree of convergence in gene expression across lineages of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae) that span 40 million years of divergence and have colonized toxic, hydrogen-sulfide-rich springs. We asked whether the degree of convergence across lineage pairs was related to their phylogenetic relatedness and the ecological similarity of their habitats. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we showed that the degree of convergence in gene expression was variable across lineage pairs. While closely related lineages did not exhibit higher degrees of convergence than distantly related ones, we uncovered a strong relationship between degree of convergence and the ecological similarity among lineages. These results suggest that variation in environmental conditions that is often overlooked in simplified descriptions of habitat differences can play an important role in shaping adaptive evolution. Our study highlights the importance of multivariate approaches that capture the complexities of selective regimes and organismal responses when assessing the repeatability of evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.1416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:22:08Z","timestamp":1792542128000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ecology drives the degree of convergence in the gene expression of extremophile fishes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tobler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis 1 , St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo 2 , St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Greenway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior 3 , Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz 4 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5979","article-title":"Contingency and determinism in evolution: replaying life's tape","volume":"362","author":"Blount","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C2","volume-title":"Wonderful life: the burgess shale and the nature of history","author":"Gould","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535499","volume-title":"Life's solution: inevitable humans in a lonely universe","author":"Conway Morris","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C4","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Evolution: the extended synthesis","author":"Beatty","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C5","volume-title":"Natural selection in the wild","author":"Endler","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505235.001.0001","volume-title":"The ecology of adaptive radiation","author":"Schluter","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01289.x","article-title":"Convergence, adaptation, and constraint","volume":"65","author":"Losos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150039","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0039","article-title":"What does convergent evolution mean? The interpretation of convergence and its implications in the search for limits to evolution","volume":"5","author":"Stayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12034","article-title":"SURFACE: detecting convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion","volume":"4","author":"Ingram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12729","article-title":"The definition, recognition, and interpretation of convergent evolution, and two new measures for quantifying and assessing the significance of convergence","volume":"69","author":"Stayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091851","article-title":"The molecular basis of convergent evolution","volume":"45","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01440.x","article-title":"Parallel and nonparallel aspects of ecological, phenotypic, and genetic divergence across replicate population pairs of lake and stream stickleback","volume":"66","author":"Kaeuffer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esaa020","article-title":"Consequences of single-locus and tightly linked genomic architectures for evolutionary responses to environmental change","volume":"111","author":"Oomen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn218","article-title":"The genetic basis of phenotypic convergence in beach mice: similar pigment patterns but different genes","volume":"26","author":"Steiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/45.2.256","article-title":"Many-to-one mapping of form to function: a general principle in organismal design?","volume":"45","author":"Wainwright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0158","article-title":"Contrasting effects of environment and genetics generate a continuum of parallel evolution","volume":"1","author":"Stuart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14497","article-title":"Extreme environments and the origins of biodiversity: adaptation and speciation in sulfide spring fishes","volume":"27","author":"Tobler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032418","article-title":"The evolutionary ecology of animals inhabiting hydrogen sulfide-rich environments","volume":"47","author":"Tobler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C19","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Reference module in life sciences","author":"Barts","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4873","article-title":"Parallel evolution of cox genes in H2S-tolerant fish as key adaptation to a toxic environment","volume":"5","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004223117","article-title":"Convergent evolution of conserved mitochondrial pathways underlies repeated adaptation to extreme environments","volume":"117","author":"Greenway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.09.027","article-title":"Integrative analyses of convergent adaptation in sympatric extremophile fishes","volume":"34","author":"Greenway","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw020","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying adaptation to life in hydrogen sulfide-rich environments","volume":"33","author":"Kelley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12209","article-title":"Colonization of toxic environments drives predictable life-history evolution in livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae)","volume":"17","author":"Riesch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-011-9129-4","article-title":"Convergent patterns of body shape differentiation in four different clades of poeciliid fishes inhabiting sulfide springs","volume":"38","author":"Tobler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13586","article-title":"Functional consequences of phenotypic variation between locally adapted populations: swimming performance and ventilation in extremophile fish","volume":"33","author":"Camarillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01298.x","article-title":"Evolution in extreme environments: replicated phenotypic differentiation in livebearing fish inhabiting sulfidic springs","volume":"65","author":"Tobler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12530","article-title":"Convergent changes in the trophic ecology of extremophile fish along replicated environmental gradients","volume":"60","author":"Tobler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.112038","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying tolerance of severe hypoxia in sulfide spring fish","volume":"319","author":"Williams","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C30","article-title":"Parallel shifts of visual sensitivity and body colouration in replicate populations of extremophile fish","author":"Owens","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2146","article-title":"The probability of genetic parallelism and convergence in natural populations","volume":"279","author":"Conte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2023.11.007","article-title":"Divergence time shapes gene reuse during repeated adaptation","volume":"39","author":"Bohut\u00ednsk\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01909-6","article-title":"Climatic similarity and genomic background shape the extent of parallel adaptation in Timema stick insects","volume":"6","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C34","volume-title":"The physiology of fishes","author":"Evans","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6384","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14360","article-title":"The roles of plasticity and evolutionary change in shaping gene expression variation in natural populations of extremophile fish","volume":"26","author":"Passow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C36","article-title":"Trim galore!","author":"Krueger","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0473-y","article-title":"Clonal polymorphism and high heterozygosity in the celibate genome of the Amazon molly","volume":"2","author":"Warren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1621","article-title":"Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation","volume":"28","author":"Trapnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2017-0051","article-title":"Molecular evolution and expression of oxygen transport genes in livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae) from hydrogen sulfide rich springs","volume":"61","author":"Barts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4236\/ojgen.2016.61004","article-title":"Genetic linkeage map and comparative genome analysis for the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)","volume":"06","author":"Waits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open J Genet."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","article-title":"jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing","volume":"9","author":"Darriba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","article-title":"RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies","volume":"30","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2016.07.025","article-title":"Phylogenetic analyses of the subgenus Mollienesia (Poecilia, Poeciliidae, Teleostei) reveal taxonomic inconsistencies, cryptic biodiversity, and spatio-temporal aspects of diversification in Middle America","volume":"103","author":"Palacios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.06.009","article-title":"A phylogenetic and biogeographic perspective on the evolution of poeciliid fishes","volume":"43","author":"Hrbek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0172546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172546","article-title":"The origin and biogeographic diversification of fishes in the family Poeciliidae","volume":"12","author":"Reznick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38 971","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38971","article-title":"Shared and unique patterns of phenotypic diversification along a stream gradient in two congeneric species","volume":"6","author":"Jourdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02323-0","article-title":"Comparative regulomics supports pervasive selection on gene dosage following whole genome duplication","volume":"22","author":"Gillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C49","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syv042","article-title":"Phylogenetic ANOVA: the expression variance and evolution (EVE) model for quantitative trait evolution","volume":"64","author":"Rohlfs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-48","article-title":"GOrilla: a tool for discovery and visualization of enriched GO terms in ranked gene lists","volume":"10","author":"Eden","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C54","article-title":"raster: geographic data analysis and modelling","author":"Hijmans","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01915.x","article-title":"General quantitative genetic methods for comparative biology: phylogenies, taxonomies and multi-trait models for continuous and categorical characters","volume":"23","author":"Hadfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1264.1","article-title":"Generalized linear mixed models for phylogenetic analyses of community structure","volume":"81","author":"Ives","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.12.010","article-title":"H2S and polysulfide metabolism: conventional and unconventional pathways","volume":"149","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C60","first-page":"2867","article-title":"Concordant changes in gene expression and nucleotides underlie independent adaptation to hydrogen-sulfide-rich environments","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-008-9166-6","article-title":"The inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase by the gases carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide: chemical mechanism and physiological significance","volume":"40","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bioenergy Biomembr."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2319485121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319485121","article-title":"Divergence time and environmental similarity predict the strength of morphological convergence in stick and leaf insects","volume":"122","author":"Boisseau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C63","first-page":"581","article-title":"The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme","volume":"205","author":"Gould","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-024-01555-w","article-title":"Effects of plasticity and genetic divergence in phenotypic trait expression of sulfide spring fishes","volume":"107","author":"Nobrega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20 250 646","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0646","article-title":"Resilient by nature: managed rearing does not erode physiochemical tolerances of an extremophile fish","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13727","article-title":"microRNA expression variation as a potential molecular mechanism contributing to adaptation to hydrogen sulfide","volume":"34","author":"Kelley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C67","first-page":"20240412","article-title":"Nascent transcription reveals regulatory changes in extremophile fishes inhabiting hydrogen sulfide-rich environments","volume":"291","author":"Perry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"evae087","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evae087","article-title":"Evolutionary rate shifts in coding and regulatory regions underpin repeated adaptation to sulfidic streams in poeciliid fishes","volume":"16","author":"De-Kayne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.12.008","article-title":"The genetic architecture of gene expression in peripheral blood","volume":"100","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35 471","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35471","article-title":"Genetics of trans-regulatory variation in gene expression","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714225115","article-title":"Modular origins of biological electron transfer chains","volume":"115","author":"Raanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5407.1488","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation at the fin de si\u00e8cle","volume":"283","author":"Saraste","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00024.2015","article-title":"The role of hydrogen sulfide in evolution and the evolution of hydrogen sulfide in metabolism and signalling","volume":"31","author":"Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C74","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Advances in photosynthesis and respiration","author":"Shahak","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(92)90015-F","article-title":"Sulfide as an environmental factor and toxicant: tolerance and adaptations in aquatic organisms","volume":"24","author":"Bagarinao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icae114","article-title":"Building, maintaining, and (re-)deploying genetic toolkits during convergent evolution","volume":"64","author":"Oakley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14198","article-title":"Complexities of gene expression patterns in natural populations of an extremophile fish (Poecilia mexicana, Poeciliidae)","volume":"26","author":"Passow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.11","article-title":"Causes of molecular convergence and parallelism in protein evolution","volume":"17","author":"Storz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2018.03.007","article-title":"The evolution of gene expression in cis and trans","volume":"34","author":"Signor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1523","article-title":"The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history","volume":"6","author":"Orr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113468109","article-title":"Constraint shapes convergence in tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels of snakes","volume":"109","author":"Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10944","article-title":"The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks","volume":"484","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav4155","article-title":"Adaptive introgression enables evolutionary rescue from extreme environmental pollution","volume":"364","author":"Oziolor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/217624a0","article-title":"Evolutionary rate at the molecular level","volume":"217","author":"Kimura","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000128","article-title":"Genetic redundancy fuels polygenic adaptation in Drosophila","volume":"17","author":"Barghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0250-z","article-title":"Polygenic adaptation: a unifying framework to understand positive selection","volume":"21","author":"Barghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C87","article-title":"Data and scripts for: Ecology drives the degree of convergence in the gene expression of extremophile fishes.","author":"Tobler","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C88","article-title":"Ecology drives the degree of convergence in the gene expression of extremophile fishes [Dataset]","author":"Tobler","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102020215998700_RSPB20261416C89","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Ecology drives the degree of convergence in the gene expression of extremophile fishes","author":"Tobler","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.1416\/6172099\/rspb.2026.1416.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.1416\/6172099\/rspb.2026.1416.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:22:18Z","timestamp":1792542138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article\/293\/2081\/20261416\/483775\/Ecology-drives-the-degree-of-convergence-in-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2081","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2026.1416","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"article-number":"20261416"}}