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Much research has focused on how prey differences, such as zooplankton versus benthic macroinvertebrates, might select for divergence in predator traits across this habitat gradient. However, major structural components of this habitat contrast, such as aquatic vegetation, may fundamentally constrain foraging success. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to test for interactive effects of vegetated habitat and fish density on the survival and growth of phenotypically variable juvenile sticklebacks. We investigated two scales of phenotypic variation: distinct lake and stream ecotypes and F2 lake-stream hybrids. We found that macrophytes strongly increased invertebrate biomass and functional richness, which increased average fish condition. Surprisingly, the relative performance of contrasting ecotypes and genotypes depended only on fish density. Stream ecotypes had higher survival than lake ecotypes, as well as higher condition. In parallel, F2 hybrids had higher growth when homozygous for stream alleles at three quantitative trait loci. Together, these findings suggest that adaptive divergence among habitats depends on the ways that prey type, habitat structure, and genetic variation for feeding and growth traits combine with competition to limit the abundance of accessible prey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.1458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:22:31Z","timestamp":1791937351000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aquatic vegetation promotes prey diversity but not the diversification of predator phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Best","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth & Sustainability, Northern Arizona University 1 , Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Svitok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen 2 , Zvolen 960 01, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences 3 , Prague, Praha-Suchdol 165 00, Czechia"},{"name":"Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences 4 , Bratislava 845 23, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz D.","family":"L\u00fcrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 5 , Kastanienbaum 6047, Switzerland"},{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History 6 , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3298-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron M.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 5 , Kastanienbaum 6047, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edra D.","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa 7 , Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Novikmec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen 2 , Zvolen 960 01, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel C.","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro 8 , Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Seehausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 5 , Kastanienbaum 6047, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern 9 , Bern, BE 3012, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8078-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philine G. D.","family":"Feulner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 5 , Kastanienbaum 6047, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9089-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 5 , Kastanienbaum 6047, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101906294536300_RSPB20261458C1","first-page":"897","article-title":"Test of community-wide character displacement against null hypotheses","volume":"33","author":"Strong","year":"1979","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101906294536300_RSPB20261458C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1086\/303412","article-title":"Ecological character displacement in adaptive radiation","volume":"156","author":"Schluter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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