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While gestures and vocal cues are known to influence how speech is understood, the role of facial movements remains poorly specified. Here, we test whether dynamic facial movements shape how spoken responses are interpreted by systematically modulating listener inferences of speaker confidence and doubt. Using a data-driven reverse-correlation approach and a generative model of facial behaviour, we manipulated speakers\u2019 upper-face movements while holding verbal content constant. On each trial, participants (n = 44; UK English and Mandarin Chinese speakers) rated the confidence of speakers responding to questions (e.g. \u2018Would they make a good leader?\u2019) on a five-point scale across 1800 trials. We find that opposing facial movements bias these inferences: eye closure and brow raising are associated with confidence, whereas brow lowering and eye tightening are associated with doubt. Signal amplitude further shapes these inferences, primarily by intensifying perceived doubt for doubt-associated movements. These mappings are largely shared between the two cultural groups, indicating common signal\u2013inference relationships alongside differences in the weighting of specific cues. Together, these findings show that facial movements provide graded social signals that systematically shape how spoken responses are interpreted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2026.2044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:21:48Z","timestamp":1792542108000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic facial movements shape how confident speakers appear"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"N\u00f6lle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow 1 , Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Language Evolution Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144 2 , Torun, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow 1 , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Arias-Sarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow 1 , Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, Lund University 3 , Lund, Sk\u00e5ne County, Sweden"},{"name":"Psychology and Neurocognition Lab, CNRS Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes 4 , Saint-Martin-d'H\u00e8res, Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver G. 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