{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:21:04Z","timestamp":1790266864480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1974","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The climate change that we are experiencing now is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases due to human activities, including burning fossil fuels, agriculture and deforestation. There is now widespread belief that a global warming of greater than 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels would be dangerous and should therefore be avoided. However, despite growing concerns over climate change and numerous international attempts to agree on reductions of global CO2 emissions, these have continued to climb. This has led some commentators to suggest more radical \u2018geoengineering\u2019 alternatives to conventional mitigation by reductions in CO2 emissions. Geoengineering is deliberate intervention in the climate system to counteract man-made global warming. There are two main classes of geoengineering: direct carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management that aims to cool the planet by reflecting more sunlight back to space. The findings of the review of geoengineering carried out by the UK Royal Society in 2009 are summarized here, including the climate effects, costs, risks and research and governance needs for various approaches. The possible role of geoengineering in a portfolio of responses to climate change is discussed, and various recent initiatives to establish good governance of research activity are reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Key findings include the following. \u2014 Geoengineering is not a magic bullet and not an alternative to emissions reductions.\u2014 Cutting global greenhouse gas emissions must remain our highest priority.(i) But this is proving to be difficult, and geoengineering may be useful to support it.\u2014 Geoengineering is very likely to be technically possible.(i) However, there are major uncertainties and potential risks concerning effectiveness, costs and social and environmental impacts.\u2014 Much more research is needed, as well as public engagement and a system of regulation (for both deployment and for possible large-scale field tests).\u2014 The acceptability of geoengineering will be determined as much by social, legal and political issues as by scientific and technical factors. Some methods of both types would involve release of materials to the environment, either to the atmosphere or to the oceans, in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The intended impacts on climate would in any case affect many or all countries, possibly to a variable extent. There are therefore inherent international implications for deployment of such geoengineering methods (and possibly also for some forms of research), which need early and collaborative consideration, before any deployment or large-scale experiments could be undertaken responsibly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2012.0186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]],"date-time":"2012-08-06T03:27:59Z","timestamp":1344223679000},"page":"4166-4175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Geoengineering the climate: an overview and update"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"370","author":[{"given":"J. G.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817434","volume-title":"The economics of climate change: the Stern review.","author":"Stern,","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C2","article-title":"Climate change 2007: the physical science basis","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C3","article-title":"\u2018Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty\u2019: Royal Society Policy Document 10\/09","author":"Royal Society","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C4","volume-title":"IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage.","author":"IPCC","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C5","article-title":"Climate geoengineering sandpit","author":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C6","article-title":"Select Committee on Science & Technology report: the regulation of geoengineering","author":"House of Commons","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C7","article-title":"Government response to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee 5th report of session 2009\u201310: the regulation of geoengineering","author":"Department for Energy and Climate Change","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C8","article-title":"The Asilomar conference: recommendations on principles for research into climate engineering techniques","author":"Climate Response Fund","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C9","article-title":"Report of public dialogue on geoengineering \u2018Experiment Earth\u2019","author":"Natural Environment Research Council","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C10","article-title":"Committee on Science & Technology, Chairman's report Engineering the Climate: Research Needs and Strategies for International Collaboration","author":"US House of Representatives","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C11","article-title":"Geoengineering: governance and technology policy","author":"US Congressional Research Service","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C12","article-title":"Climate change: a coordinated strategy could focus federal geoengineering research and inform governance efforts","author":"US Government Accountability Office","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C13","article-title":"Geoengineering: a national strategic plan for research on the potential effectiveness, feasibility, and consequences of climate remediation technologies","author":"Bipartisan Policy Center","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C14","article-title":"Solar radiation management: the governance of research","author":"Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C15","article-title":"COP 10, Decision X\/33","author":"Convention on Biological Diversity"},{"key":"2026010204444281000_RSTA20120186C16","article-title":"Report of the Liaison Group meeting on climate-related geo engineering as it relates to the Convention on Biological Diversity","author":"Convention on Biological Diversity","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering 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