{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:33:20Z","timestamp":1771335200529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2071","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy","award":["MAT2012-37552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2012-37552"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The characterization of the strength and fracture toughness of three common structural fibres, E-glass, AS4 carbon and Kevlar KM2, is presented in this work. The notched specimens were prepared by means of selective carving of individual fibres by means of the focused ion beam. A straight-fronted edge notch was introduced in a plane perpendicular to the fibre axis, with the relative notch depth being\n            <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n            \/\n            <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n            \u22480.1 and the notch radius at the tip approximately 50\u2009nm. The selection of the appropriate beam current during milling operations was performed to avoid to as much as possible any microstructural changes owing to ion impingement. Both notched and un-notched fibres were submitted to uniaxial tensile tests up to failure. The strength of the un-notched fibres was characterized in terms of the Weibull statistics, whereas the residual strength of the notched fibres was used to determine their apparent toughness. To this end, the stress intensity factor of a fronted edge crack was computed by means of the finite-element method for different crack lengths. The experimental results agreed with those reported in the literature for polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibres obtained by using similar techniques. After mechanical testing, the fracture surface of the fibres was analysed to ascertain the failure mechanisms. It was found that AS4 carbon and E-glass fibres presented the lower toughness with fracture surfaces perpendicular to the fibre axis, emanating from the notch tip. The fractured region of Kevlar KM2 fibres extended along the fibre and showed large permanent deformation, which explains their higher degree of toughness when compared with carbon and glass fibres.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article is part of the themed issue \u2018Multiscale modelling of the structural integrity of composite materials\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:48:18Z","timestamp":1464655698000},"page":"20150274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Strength and toughness of structural fibres for composite material reinforcement"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"374","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Herr\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Materials, C\/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Materials, C\/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Materials, C\/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0724-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Materials, C\/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science, E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2014.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slusarksi KA Walter MS Bogetti TA Wetzel ED. 2014 In-plane shear properties of high-performance filaments. In Fracture and fatigue vol. 7: Proc. of the 2013 Annual Conf. on Experimental and Applied Mechanics (ed. C Jay) pp. 91\u201396. Cham Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ()","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00765-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Glass fibres","volume":"21","author":"Wallenberger FT","year":"2001","journal-title":"ASM Handb."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7944(03)00115-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2008.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1857937"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2011.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","unstructured":"Abaqus. Analysis user\u2019s manual v. 6.13. 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