{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:01:25Z","timestamp":1792756885328,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2183","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates,\n                    <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952. Europe and North America dominated emissions and suffered the majority of adverse effects until the latter decades of the twentieth century, by which time the transboundary issues of acid rain, forest decline and ground-level ozone became the main environmental and political air quality issues. As controls on emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) began to take effect in Europe and North America, emissions in East and South Asia grew strongly and dominated global emissions by the early years of the twenty-first century. The effects of air quality on human health had also returned to the top of the priorities by 2000 as new epidemiological evidence emerged. By this time, extensive networks of surface measurements and satellite remote sensing provided global measurements of both primary and secondary pollutants. Global emissions of SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    peaked, respectively, in\n                    <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    1990 and 2018 and have since declined to 2020 as a result of widespread emission controls. By contrast, with a lack of actions to abate ammonia, global emissions have continued to grow.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018Air quality, past present and future\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T19:05:26Z","timestamp":1601233526000},"page":"20190314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["A chronology of global air quality"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2999-2627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Fowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Brimblecombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew R.","family":"Heal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peringe","family":"Grennfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Jowett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Boundary, Goodley Stock Road Crockham Hill, Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1765-6298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eiko","family":"Nemitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mhairi","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-5833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuejun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhua","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Klimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike H.","family":"Unsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Vieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s3389"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50510a045"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b60-031"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<0151:TGOMEG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848607873.n26","volume-title":"Chapter 26 in The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society","author":"Colbeck I","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colbeck I. 2007 Air pollution: history of actions and effectiveness of change. 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