{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:11:41Z","timestamp":1792113101420,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2183","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Scinece Foundation of the People's Republic of China","award":["41425007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41425007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) has been a cause of serious environmental pollution in China. Historically, China used too little N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    in its agriculture to feed its population. However, with the rapid increase in N fertilizer use for food production and fossil fuel consumption for energy supply over the last four decades, increasing gaseous N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    species (e.g. NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) have been emitted to the atmosphere and then deposited as wet and dry deposition, with adverse impacts on air, water and soil quality as well as plant biodiversity and human health. This paper reviews the issues associated with this in a holistic way. The emissions, deposition, impacts, actions and regulations for the mitigation of atmospheric N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    are discussed systematically. Both NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    make major contributions to environmental pollution but especially to the formation of secondary fine particulate matter (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), which impacts human health and light scattering (haze). In addition, atmospheric deposition of NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    causes adverse impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to acidification and eutrophication. Regulations and practices introduced by China that meet the urgent need to reduce N\n                    <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions are explained and resulting effects on emissions are discussed. Recommendations for improving future N management for achieving \u2018win-win\u2019 outcomes for Chinese agricultural production and food supply, and human and environmental health, are described.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018Air quality, past present and future\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T19:05:26Z","timestamp":1601233526000},"page":"20190324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Environmental impacts of nitrogen emissions in China and the role of policies in emission reduction"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-5833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"X. 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Z.","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, and School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, School of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, School of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.\u00a0Y.\u00a0","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, School of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, School of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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P.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.\u00a0J.\u00a0","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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